St. Paul s Cathedral - 1104 Words

St. Paul’s Cathedral is an English Baroque styled cathedral dedicated to Paul of Apostle and the second cathedral to be built on the same site, first being Old St. Paul’s Cathedral which was also dedicated to Paul of Apostle. It is located in the City of London, England. The Fourth St. Paul’s, more commonly known as Old St. Paul’s Cathedral, was built by the Normans in 1087. The Normans, who in recent times had just conquered Britain, and were determined to build the largest Christian church in the world. The construction of the church finished in 1240 but the process of developing it to enlarge the church began less than 20 years later, Old St. Paul’s Cathedral was finally consecrated in 1300. Over the next few centuries the cathedral started to decay and thus the restoration of the cathedral begun in 1633 under the supervision of architect Inigo Jones. The nave and transepts were refaced in Portland stone and was remodelled with a portico. In 1642, restoration of the building was underway until the English Civil war put the project on hold.1 On 2nd September 1666, a major conflagration swept through the city damaging majority the city and it burned for four days and four nights, destroying 13,200 houses and 87 churches, inclu ding Old St. Paul’s Cathedral. After the fire, King at the time, Charles II, and the Lord Mayor quickly organised the reconstruction of the city. Nine days after the start of the fire Sir Christopher Wren produced a plan for the city which included aShow MoreRelatedSt. Paul s Cathedral1757 Words   |  8 Pagesarchitecture. One of the most influential buildings in this time is one that dominated the London skyline as a reference point for 300 years up until the 1960’s, and that is Wren’s St. Paul’s Cathedral. This building has been recorded to be in existence on its site as early as the 604, but it could have been around as early as the 400’s. St. Paul’s has endured many things throughout its time, but none as disastrous as the Great Fire in 1666. This event, which almost destroyed the whole town of LondonRead MoreTaking a Look at Saint Patricks Cathedral885 Words   |  4 PagesSaint Patricks Cathedral, one of New Yorks greatest cathedral s, is located in Manhattan at 14 E. 51st St. The main reason the cathedral was built was to affirm the ascendance of religious freedom and tolerance. Thousands of poor immigrants and one hundred three prominent citizens helped pay contributions toward the church. The prominent citizens paid approximately one thousand dollars each.This cathedral supports the idea that not one single generation builds a cathedral, but rather the past, presentRead MoreSt. Pauls Cathedral: Sir Christopher Wren Essay1802 Words   |  8 PagesSt. Pauls Cathedral St. Pauls Cathedral has had a very interesting and long history. It involves natural disasters, sabotage, invasions, lies, and deception. It has been through a lot over the many years of its existence, including several reconstructions. While there has been many changes to it, the one thing that could be counted on was the fact that there was always something unexpected happening to it. Even though St. Pauls Cathedral has had some hard times, it has re-bounded with theRead MoreThe Canterbury Cathedral Essay2561 Words   |  11 PagesThe Canterbury Cathedral For at least fourteen hundred years the worship of God has been offered on the site of this Cathedral, and through the prayers of the Church his power and grace have shaped human lives. Ever since the murder of Archbishop Thomas Becket in the Cathedral in 1170, Canterbury has attracted thousands of pilgrims. This tradition continues to this day, and a large team of Welcomers, Guides, Cathedral Assistants and Chaplains are there to give all visitors a warm welcomeRead MoreMurder in The Cathedral1097 Words   |  4 PagesMurder in the Cathedral was one of the first successful religious plays of the 20th Century (Weintraub). This play, and many others in the time period, shows the effects of World War II and the rising political power in Germany. Murder in the Cathedral shows the struggle of one man’s obligation to religion and defying the many temptations of a political leader. Murder in the Cathedral was influenced by the increasing political ideas in the time period. During this time period in Europe, the risingRead MoreThe Song I Feel Excitement900 Words   |  4 Pages1968. It was before 1968 sung at Winston Churchill’s funeral as well. Notable times in recent history it has been played at Ronald Regan’s state funeral and in honor on September 14, 2001 at the Washington National Cathedral in the United States as well as at St Paul s Cathedral in London to mourn the great loss of life from the September 11 attacks. The song continues to be played for National Conventions and it is so strongly regarded President Bush had it played as he greeted Pope BenedictRead MoreThe Baroque Period and Famous Composers Essays1249 Words   |  5 Pagesorgan, the harpsichord, and the violin. At the age of 17, Handel experienced the loss of his father. He would quickly move on and enroll as a law student t Halle University. Shortly after beginning school, he became the organist at the protestant cathedral. After a year of school, Handel moved on into the world of the theatre. Handel was inspired to attempt his hand in composing an opera. Almira was Handel’s first attempt at an opera, and was warmly welcomed by the audience. Almira was characterizedRead MoreThe Armada Of The Spanish Armada1200 Words   |  5 Pages THE SPANISH ARMADA Armada Portrait Queen Elizabeth I The Armada Portrait Buy at Allposters.com The defeat of the Spanish Armada is one of the most famous events in English history. It was arguably Queen Elizabeth s finest hour. For years she had been hailed as the English Deborah, the saviour of the English people, and now it seemed that this is what she had really become. She was now Bellona, the goddess of war, and in triumph she had led her people to glory, defeating the greatest power inRead MoreDoes Being Older Mean Making More Money?1666 Words   |  7 Pagesillustrated in Berninis Ecstasy of St. Teresa, centerpiece of the Cornaro Chapel? a. fascination with modern science and mathematics b. interest in religious emotion and human psychology c. neoclassical preference for order and balance d. dynamism created by conflicting lines Page ref: 260 3. Which of these baroque works best realizes the attempt to combine different arts in a single, dramatically unified whole? a. Handel’s Messiah b. Caravaggio’s Calling of St. Matthew c. Bernini’s CornaroRead MoreThe Plaza ( Jose Marti Memorial )1032 Words   |  5 PagesThe square claims its place in history as the place where the country’s former president the late Fidel Castro delivered speeches to vast audiences that sometimes attracted large crowds of more than one million people. In 1998, the late pope John Paul II celebrated mass there. 2. Santa Clara Located in the Villa Clara province, Santa Clara boosts cultural interactions that are rich and that will amaze anybody who is there to have a good time. The fact that it is a university town making it vibrant

The Ottoman Empire And Islamic Terrorism - 1345 Words

Topical Essay 1 The Ottoman Empire and Islamic Terrorism Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Global Terrorism Florida International University By Melinda J. Persaud November 7, 2014 Introduction What is known today as modern-day Turkey, was once one of the most powerful empires in the world. They referred to this imperial state as the Ottoman Empire. The Purpose of the empire was to expand their territory, and spread their Islamic teachings. With this they had created a thirteenth century empire led by Osman, the founder of the Ottoman Empire. Osman surrounded himself with strong solders who specialized in ambushes, and hit and run tactics, they referred to these highly trained soldiers as â€Å"Janissaries†. The empire they built was the largest and most dominant of the Muslim empires. The decline of the Ottoman Empire led to terrorist movements, specifically Islamic terrorism. Wanting to spread their beliefs through violence, Islamic terrorist groups began to try to overpower certain nations. It not only existed in the later history but still seems to play a big role even today. This has spread throughout the world from the horrific tragedy of the World Trade Center all the way to the multiple bombings in the London Underground. One main terrorist group that has our focus today would be ISIS whose purpose is to create an Islamic state. This is only one example of a current Islamic terrorist group. Power, religion, and beliefs areShow MoreRelatedThe Ottoman Empire And Islamic Terrorism1193 Words   |  5 Pages The Ottoman Empire and Islamic Terrorism Florida International University By Melinda Persaud November 7, 2014 Introduction What is known today as modern-day Turkey, was once one of the most powerful empires in the world. They referred to this imperial state as the Ottoman Empire. The Purpose of the empire was to gain land , and spread their Islamic teachings. With this they had created a thirteenth century empire led by Osman, the founder of the Ottoman Empire. Osman surroundedRead MoreThe Rise Of Terrorist Groups During The Middle East1328 Words   |  6 Pagesextremism and solve the problem permanently, the world and its inhabitants must deracinate this menace from its roots. Aside from religious fundamentalism, a large portion of the problem lies in the modern history of the Middle East. When the Ottoman Empire collapsed in 1920, combined British and French politicians, scholars, archaeologists, military officers and colonial administrators arbitrarily divided up the boundaries of the newly created nations in the Sykes-Picot agreement. In effect, theyRead MoreIslam, by Karen Armstrong762 Words   |  4 Pagesof the Quran in Mecca. Islams reputation of promoting a strict and controlling government, female oppression, civil war, and terrorism is not completely correct. Islam is a rich and complex religion that is often misunderstood in the modern world. There have been many obstacles that have been faced. Islam wouldnt exist today with its leaders, the Crusades, and their empires. The most important leader was, of course, Muhammad. He basically set up Islam and preached and converted many to this religionRead More The Media and Mass Misinterpretation of Islam Essays893 Words   |  4 Pagestimes been misunderstood not only as to the values it preaches, but also in relation to its core beliefs. Although in today’s post September 11th world Islam and its followers, who are also known as Muslims, tend to be associated with acts of terrorism, the Middle East and anti-American beliefs, Islam at its core is radically different than what most people perceive it to be. Being the fastest-growing religion in the world, Islam’s 1.2 billion practitioners reside throughout the hemispheres. AlthoughRead MoreTerrorism and Homeland Security1138 Words   |  5 PagesTerrorism and Homeland Security Answer to Question 2 Hamas was founded in 1987 and its aim was to address Palestinian quest for nation statehood and their consequent grievances (Herzog, 2006). The writer explains that the name is acronym in Arabic for Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiya or the Islamic Resistance Movement. The groups ideology, the writer explains was outlined in its covenant of 1998. The covenant stipulates that the land of Palestine is an Islamic endowment. It stipulates that theRead MoreThe Colonization Of The Ottoman Empire After World War I929 Words   |  4 PagesThe colonization of Muslim territories began with the rise of European empires, the conquest of India, the scramble for Africa, and its last phase included the division of the Arab territories of the Ottoman Empire after World War I. An economic system began to take shape in the later 17th century but fully matured in the 19th century, once the European powers had established economic and political predominance around the world through the establishment of c olonies and the exercise of aggressiveRead MoreSeptember 11 Attacks and Nationalist Terrorist Groups Essay1414 Words   |  6 PagesTerrorism Paper 11/16/09 There are several terrorist groups throughout the world today. All the terrorist groups have one common goal and that is to rid the world of Americans and western influence from the Muslim world. There is one organization that has ties to most of all the terrorist groups in the world and is the most infamous group in the world today and that is the group called Al-Qaeda The word Al-Qaeda means â€Å"the base† in Muslim. As an international terrorist organization led by OsamaRead More Terrorism and the Pursuit of God Essay example648 Words   |  3 PagesTerrorism and the Pursuit of God To set out on a suicide mission, to willingly kill thousands of civilians seems unfathomable for many Americans in the wake of the tragedy of September 11, 2001. Why would anyone do something like that? The answer from many sources has been: religion. More specifically, many people are blaming the Islamic religion, the religion that the hijackers are suspected to adhere to, claiming that Islam reveres its martyrs and sanctions war. But the answer is muchRead MoreMedia Portrayal of Islam Essay760 Words   |  4 PagesWesterners are often wary of Muslims. In contrast to what the media portrays, Islam is a peaceful religion, which does not promote violence or terrorism. Islamic stereotypes are not new to Western culture. Problems can be traced back to the time of the Crusades, when Christians and Muslims were vying for control of Jerusalem. At that time, the spread of Ottoman and Moorish control in Europe started to threaten the position of the Christian Church and the ruling class. The governments, churches, andRead MoreThe Rule Of The Ottoman Empire1637 Words   |  7 Pagesas 1516, Syria has been known to be ruled under Ottoman Turks Empire for well over several centuries. In 1916 Arabs and British military collaborated together and rebelled against Turkish rules. This allowed independence over the Turks for Arab countries and ending 400 years of supreme political power of the Ottoman Empire. After many years of restructuring Syria economics, social, and political fields, they combined the Ottoman, French, and Islamic laws up until the 1980’s. The criminal, civil,

Hip Hop Culture free essay sample

Assignment for Media with Cultural Studies Level Two Youth Cultures, Subcultures and Industry Hip-Hop Culture This essay alms to examine the importance of the Hip-Hop culture in 21st century society. It will begin with consideration of the history of Hip-Hop, discussing its stylistic adaptations, cultural preferences and concerns, referring to the studies of black culture by Ellis Cashmere and Mark Neal. Within this I will explore the ethnicity and authenticity of the culture, with reference to last years Popular Music and its Cultural Context unit.The essay will then move on to evaluate the cultures allegations with the media, concentrating on the well documented moral panics associated with the culture; I will make particular reference to the theories of Stan Cohen. By studying the political and historical patterns of the culture, I endeavourer to discover the overall meaning which the culture has for Its members and for society. It Is primarily Important to coin what Hip-Hop Is, the dictionary definition describes Hip-Hop as: hip-hop (h p h p ) or hip hop noun. African people danced for many occasions such as weddings, funerals, war, and childbirth and even to celebrate a child losing teeth. Although dancing in Africa meant unity and brought implies together the actual act separated people.For instance, In the ring circle, which was the area African people would dance, married men, married women, young women and young men were separate. These groups were separate because it minimized any confusion between the groups. Usually men danced more aggressively and women more soft. A message of unity, yet separating people did not end in African dance this strategy carried on into hip hop dance. In the hip hop culture people dance to express themselves and it Is a form of communication. Hip hop dance Is an outlet for many people. In the culture dancing constantly and consecutively with the music shows passion and Its excitement. In the hip hop culture today people dance for different occasions as well. Not necessarily for weddings and funerals but to put on shows or even battle through dance. There are modern day ring circles where people come together form a circle and people dance in the middle and people cheer them on and dance along with them. This art form has the exact same excitement passion and unity as the African dance. Whether Its African dance or hip hop dance the movement of the body and music go hand In hand.African dance was accompanied by the sounds of hands clapping, feet stomping and the rhythm of the African drum. The African drum played a major part in African dancing because it provided the rhythm people would dance to. The drum considered the most important Instrument in African culture because it symbolizes the heartbeat of the dancer. Professional musicians known as Grits as stated In the packet have knowledge and experience with ceremonial music, tribes history, and tortellini. These particular stories were told through the use of the drum. In hip hop culture the beat rhythm or instrumental to a song is very important.It brings the song to life. Like the African drum the beat is to keep people moving and dancing. In hip hop there is usually a DC or an MAC who plays music or tells a story which Is similar to the Africans Grist. They set the mood and the tempo with music. The drum was Like a story being told and hip hop beats are no different because connecting to hip hop music today consider hip hop culture as a whole. The concerts, PI shows and the overall image of hip hop. How did it evolve to be what it is today? Perhaps the Minstrels shows played a part in this musical evolution.Many years ago Minstrel shows are created by racist white people. These shows Newer created to humiliate black people. Minstrel shows showcased white actors in black face which is burnt cork on coca butter or black grease. They talked ignorant and in broken English and mocked the way slaves danced. These particular shows made more money than regular shows and became an instant hit. With characters eke Jim Crow, Mamma, Buck, and Picnicking. Shortly after the Minstrel shows took off some black people embraced those stereotypes and starred in minstrels in black face themselves.They starred in these shows mainly for money and fame. Frederick Douglass says the filthy scum of white society, who have stolen from us a complexion, denied them by nature, in which to make money and pander to the corrupt taste of their white fellow citizens. These shows created controversy everywhere. Many people were talking. Controversy didnt stop there when it came to black performers. Hundreds of ears later there still lives the same concept of black people putting on shows that embarrass the race but it makes them money and gives them fame.In hip hop it is seen often with rappers. Many rap artist are the target when comparing to Minstrel shows. This is because some talk ignorantly or with slang, dress like thugs or pimps and act as if they dont care about life. This lifestyle is closely related to the minstrel shows because its done for money and fame not for entertainment or unity. Author Ken Budget wrote in his article Minstrel shows that The setting has changed from idyllic plantation to the mean streets of urban America, the process remains the same This quote basically states that the culture hasnt really improved but it Just relocated. The events and topics discussed are still relevant today in hip hop. Dancing is still huge part of the culture and it contributes to its overall meaning. The African drum compared to the beats of hip hop is still very relevant because the sounds of the African drum are still used to this very day. Hip hop is greatly influenced by African dance and music. Also, Minstrel shows influence hip hop whether it is noticed or not here is still an underlying theme that continues to show face.

Why focus on Environmental Protection Almost any Essay Example For Students

Why focus on Environmental Protection? Almost any Essay policy issue could serve to illustrate the significant themes, but environmental protection places them in particularly bold relief. It involves an extremely broad range of scientific information, including most of the physical, biological, and social sciences. The questions of risk and uncertainty that it presents are especially subtle. Furthermore, the environment provides an excellent example of what happens when these problems merge with other profound philosophical and political dilemmas. Our relationship with the environment raises fundamental issues about who we are and what we care about. It challenges a basic belief of industrial society; namely, that mastery of nature is mankinds greatest project. It may force a choice between health and beauty on the one hand and prosperity on the other. It requires us to consider our relationships not only to fellow humans but to plants and animals as well. First of all, an agency like EPA has substantial power, because of its expertise and its formal authority. Even when disputing its findings, all parties to a controversy often find themselves focusing on the information and analysis that EPA provides. The Environmental Protection Agency is unique among environmental regulatory agencies in that it deals with both public health and resource management issues. We will write a custom essay on Why focus on Environmental Protection? Almost any specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Its comprehensive authority is reflected in its position in the Executive Branch. It is the only regulatory agency whose administrator reports directly to the President. No single agency, however, can be understood in isolation. It is constantly influencing, and being influenced by, the courts, interest groups, the Congress, and other parts of Executive Branch. Our story really begins with the great movement to the suburbs after World WarII. Hoards of upwardly mobile white-collar workers left crowded cities for localities with clean air, gardens, and grass. However, the reality of suburban life smog, traffic jams and strip development too often left this rural fantasy unrealized. At the same time some rural folk watched with dismay as their small towns became urbanized. The population was becoming younger; more secure financially, and better educated. Between 1950 and 1974 the percentage of adults with some college education rose from 13.4 to 25.2%. This was coupled with a streak of unprecedented prosperity. Prosperity, leisure, mobility, and greater understanding of physical and biological science combined to create a new awareness of, and interest in, the natural world. The translation of widespread but unfocused public concern into specific policies and programs was shaped by the political institutions of the time. The characteristics of these institutions decisively affected the form and the content of the public debate about environmental questions, and the results that were obtained. The changes that occurred in political parties, in the media, and in the environmental community were of particular importance. Political Parties: Democrats confronted a decline in union membership and in the number of small farmers and a decrease in party loyalty among traditionally Democratic groups. Republicans were suffering from the continued depopulation of the smaller cities and town and rural areas. Each party saw its salvation in the suburbs. There resided the young, well-educated voters who were to become the foundation of environmentalism. Rural democrats deeply appreciated the public works projects that had brought electricity to their homes, paved roads to their doorstep, and saved heir land from the dual ravages of flood and drought. They were upset at the new criticism of such projects, as were the construction unions whose members built these same dams and roads. Republicans too were torn. Environmentalism risked antagonizing their traditional friends in the business community. Fiscal conservatives and opponents of government intrusion were also upset by demands for increased public and private spending on pollution control. Leaders in both parties sought to frame environmental programs to avoid these divisions. The resulting incoherence in the design of environmental programs was therefore due in part to the ambivalent motivations that produced them. Media: The second important development was the growing role of television news. Potentially very profitable, the news is substantially cheaper to produce than entertainment programs, and widely viewed. .u6e2215a81005b078f13454590ad6f28d , .u6e2215a81005b078f13454590ad6f28d .postImageUrl , .u6e2215a81005b078f13454590ad6f28d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6e2215a81005b078f13454590ad6f28d , .u6e2215a81005b078f13454590ad6f28d:hover , .u6e2215a81005b078f13454590ad6f28d:visited , .u6e2215a81005b078f13454590ad6f28d:active { border:0!important; } .u6e2215a81005b078f13454590ad6f28d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6e2215a81005b078f13454590ad6f28d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6e2215a81005b078f13454590ad6f28d:active , .u6e2215a81005b078f13454590ad6f28d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6e2215a81005b078f13454590ad6f28d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6e2215a81005b078f13454590ad6f28d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6e2215a81005b078f13454590ad6f28d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6e2215a81005b078f13454590ad6f28d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6e2215a81005b078f13454590ad6f28d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6e2215a81005b078f13454590ad6f28d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6e2215a81005b078f13454590ad6f28d .u6e2215a81005b078f13454590ad6f28d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6e2215a81005b078f13454590ad6f28d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Signifigance Of Disease And Plauge In Hamlet Essay Local competition is especially intense because the local news is often the first show viewers watch each evening. This gives stations an opportunity to capture viewers for the entire evening. It has become industry gospel . Why focus on Environmental Protection Almost any Essay Example For Students Why focus on Environmental Protection? Almost any Essay policy issue could serve to illustrate the significant themes, but environmental protection places them in particularly bold relief. It involves an extremely broad range of scientific information, including most of the physical, biological, and social sciences. The questions of risk and uncertainty that it presents are especially subtle. Furthermore, the environment provides an excellent example of what happens when these problems merge with other profound philosophical and political dilemmas. Our relationship with the environment raises fundamental issues about who we are and what we care about. It challenges a basic belief of industrial society; namely, that mastery of nature is mankinds greatest project. It may force a choice between health and beauty on the one hand and prosperity on the other. It requires us to consider our relationships not only to fellow humans but to plants and animals as well. We will write a custom essay on Why focus on Environmental Protection? Almost any specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now First of all, an agency like EPA has substantial power, because of its expertise and its formal authority. Even when disputing its findings, all parties to a controversy often find themselves focusing on the information and analysis that EPA provides. The Environmental Protection Agency is unique among environmental regulatory agencies in that it deals with both public health and resource management issues. Its comprehensive authority is reflected in its position in the Executive Branch. It is the only regulatory agency whose administrator reports directly to the President. No single agency, however, can be understood in isolation. It is constantly influencing, and being influenced by, the courts, interest groups, the Congress, and other parts of Executive Branch. Our story really begins with the great movement to the suburbs after World WarII. Hoards of upwardly mobile white-collar workers left crowded cities for localities with clean air, gardens, and grass. However, the reality of suburban life smog, traffic jams and strip development too often left this rural fantasy unrealized. At the same time some rural folk watched with dismay as their small towns became urbanized. The population was becoming younger; more secure financially, and better educated. Between 1950 and 1974 the percentage of adults with some college education rose from 13.4 to 25.2%. This was coupled with a streak of unprecedented prosperity. Prosperity, leisure, mobility, and greater understanding of physical and biological science combined to create a new awareness of, and interest in, the natural world. The translation of widespread but unfocused public concern into specific policies and programs was shaped by the political institutions of the time. The characteristics of these institutions decisively affected the form and the content of the public debate about environmental questions, and the results that were obtained. The changes that occurred in political parties, in the media, and in the environmental community were of particular importance. Political Parties: Democrats confronted a decline in union membership and in the number of small farmers and a decrease in party loyalty among traditionally Democratic groups. Republicans were suffering from the continued depopulation of the smaller cities and town and rural areas. Each party saw its salvation in the suburbs. There resided the young, well-educated voters who were to become the foundation of environmentalism. Rural democrats deeply appreciated the public works projects that had brought electricity to their homes, paved roads to their doorstep, and saved heir land from the dual ravages of flood and drought. They were upset at the new criticism of such projects, as were the construction unions whose members built these same dams and roads. Republicans too were torn. Environmentalism risked antagonizing their traditional friends in the business community. Fiscal conservatives and opponents of government intrusion were also upset by demands for increased public and private spending on pollution control. Leaders in both parties sought to frame environmental programs to avoid these divisions. The resulting incoherence in the design of environmental programs was therefore due in part to the ambivalent motivations that produced them. .u725706968ae7359c86f6b9621f208e7a , .u725706968ae7359c86f6b9621f208e7a .postImageUrl , .u725706968ae7359c86f6b9621f208e7a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u725706968ae7359c86f6b9621f208e7a , .u725706968ae7359c86f6b9621f208e7a:hover , .u725706968ae7359c86f6b9621f208e7a:visited , .u725706968ae7359c86f6b9621f208e7a:active { border:0!important; } .u725706968ae7359c86f6b9621f208e7a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u725706968ae7359c86f6b9621f208e7a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u725706968ae7359c86f6b9621f208e7a:active , .u725706968ae7359c86f6b9621f208e7a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u725706968ae7359c86f6b9621f208e7a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u725706968ae7359c86f6b9621f208e7a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u725706968ae7359c86f6b9621f208e7a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u725706968ae7359c86f6b9621f208e7a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u725706968ae7359c86f6b9621f208e7a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u725706968ae7359c86f6b9621f208e7a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u725706968ae7359c86f6b9621f208e7a .u725706968ae7359c86f6b9621f208e7a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u725706968ae7359c86f6b9621f208e7a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Segmentation and Tesco EssayMedia: The second important development was the growing role of television news. Potentially very profitable, the news is substantially cheaper to produce than entertainment programs, and widely viewed. Local competition is especially intense because the local news is often the first show viewers watch each evening. This gives stations an opportunity to capture viewers for the entire evening. It has become industry gospel that a good news segment must have (1) visual interest, (2) a strong story line, and (3) viewer identification with its outcome. Environmental stories meet all three requirements. Oil covered birds, belching smoke stacks, rusting storage drums, and inspection crews in moonsuits are all visually compelling. Environmental stories have the particular advantage that often the crew can set up at its leisure and have plenty of vivid footage to show in newscasts. This is not to say that media journalists concoct environmental stories. They do, however, have powerful incentives to accentuate their pictorial and dramatic qualities. As a result, viewers repeated encounter such disputes as life threatening contests between good and evil. Environmental Movement: The third important development involved the evolution of the environmental movement. Some environmental organization, The Sierra Club (1892), the Audubon Society (1905), the Wilderness Society (1935), and the National Wildlife Federation (1936), have existed for decades and have large numbers of members whose dues support their activities. But in the early 1970s, they were joined by newer organizations like the Environmental Defense Fund (EDF) and the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC). These had fewer members and relied on grants from foundations for their sustenance. From the outset, their main goal was to influence governmental policy. EPAs purpose is to ensure that:All Americans are protected from significant risks to human health and the environment where they live, learn and work. National efforts to reduce environmental risk are based on the best available scientific information. Federal laws protecting human health and the environment are enforced fairly and effectively. Environmental protection is an integral consideration in US policies concerning natural resources, human health, economic growth, energy, transportation, agriculture, industry, and international trade, and these factors are similarly considered in establishing environmental policy. All parts of society communities, individuals, business, state and local governments have access to accurate information sufficient to effectively participate in managing human health and environmental risks. Environmental protection contributes to making our communities and ecosystems diverse, sustainable and economically productive. The United States plays a leadership role in working with other nations to protect the global environment. The domain of quality of life provides the proper strategic focus from EPA. This point of view does not ignore health or distributive justice but it places them in a wider perspective, one that EPA is well situated to offer. The concerns that comprise quality of life were critical elements of the early political mobilization for environmental improvement. They have reemerged in recent years due to three major factors: a heightened awareness of the damage that pollution does to recreation and aesthetics; a renewed consciousness of the role that land use and location decisions play in environmental policy making; and an increasing concern for the problem of residuals management. To focus on quality of life: What should be spent, required, forbidden, or provided to improve the quality of life in this or that place through increased environment protection efforts?This formulation emphasizes that the aim of the agency ought to be to improve the lot of actual people living in real places. It implies that finding places to put garbage and keeping beaches free of debris may well be more important than trying to reduce a statistical cancer risk from slightly more to slightly less than one in a million. This strategic formulation not only guides the deployment of limited agency resources, it also instructs the choice of whom it is most important to coordinate activities with. It implies that those parts of government that share the agencys focus upon the physical condition of cities and towns the department of Housing and Urban Development; the Department of Transportation; and the other federal, state, and local housing, transportation, industrial development, and urban recreation agencies are EPAs most important policy partners. .u223833bb24863c78de155b3d043df31d , .u223833bb24863c78de155b3d043df31d .postImageUrl , .u223833bb24863c78de155b3d043df31d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u223833bb24863c78de155b3d043df31d , .u223833bb24863c78de155b3d043df31d:hover , .u223833bb24863c78de155b3d043df31d:visited , .u223833bb24863c78de155b3d043df31d:active { border:0!important; } .u223833bb24863c78de155b3d043df31d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u223833bb24863c78de155b3d043df31d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u223833bb24863c78de155b3d043df31d:active , .u223833bb24863c78de155b3d043df31d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u223833bb24863c78de155b3d043df31d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u223833bb24863c78de155b3d043df31d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u223833bb24863c78de155b3d043df31d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u223833bb24863c78de155b3d043df31d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u223833bb24863c78de155b3d043df31d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u223833bb24863c78de155b3d043df31d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u223833bb24863c78de155b3d043df31d .u223833bb24863c78de155b3d043df31d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u223833bb24863c78de155b3d043df31d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Why I Love Baseball EssayWhat kind of questions do citizens like us should encourage to ask EPA reflecting critical features of reality? Encouraging and assisting citizens to determine the future character of peoples community facilitates real deliberation about how a community should integrate a concern for environment safety with the other objectives it seeks. EPAs ability to structure the debate and supply pertinent information can help citizens to recognize that the most important question to be asked and the decisions to be made about the environment are political, not technical. This focus will also encourage the agency to be strategically responsive. If the key issues appear to be technical, as in how best to prevent cancer, they provide no real grounds for political debate. But Democrats and Republicans can and ought to provide alternative visions of what quality of life means and how best to achieve it. By articulating their point of view about this vital matter, EPAs leaders can be made meaningfully accountable and can provide a foundation upon which to build stronger and more durable support for the party they represent. Achieving any environmental result efficiently and effectively requires government to combine various kinds of professional and functional expertise. To get attention paid to specific consequences, all those same consequences have to be someones responsibility. At EPA, the appropriate specialists need to feel first and foremost that they are responsible for the final environmental result, not just for their narrow functions or specific activities. To do this, they must be brought together in the early stages of developing a rule, a standard, or a legislative proposal, thereby insuring that all the options, and their ramifications, can be fully appreciated. Technical experts who understand the relevant natural systems and engineering alternatives must interact with lawyers and management specialists to produce a program that will function effectively in human as well as technical terms. This collaboration should occur in an atmosphere that encourages an open exchange of views on both means and ends, an exchange in which strategic options are clarified. This journey through such complex political and bureaucratic detail was intended to convey a simple idea. A democratic society produces citizens as much as it does goods or services. In a country like the United States, with so much freedom, technological dynamism, and decentralized initiative, there will always be problems adapting to growth and change. Citizens learn about their world and define their political relationships to each other as they struggle with such new problems as how much is owed to the ill, and what types of risks are to be considered illegitimate. These policy deliberations are the classrooms of the republic. Finally, government played an important role in cultivating new understandings of international relations and racial inequality. It can do the same with the realities of environmental protection. I admire the energy and public-spiritedness of the agency officials. Exactly because I have such respect for them we have tried to offer a sophisticated and complex view of the role that public officials can play in getting to the future Americans wish for themselves and their children. BIBLIOGRAPHYLandy, Mark K. (1990) The Environmental Protection Agency. New York: Oxford University Press. Chapter 1-2,10Douglas, Carter. (1964) Power in Washington. New York: Random House. Hugh, Heclo. Issue Networks and the Executive Establishment, in Anthony King, ed., the New American Political System (Washington D.C.: The American Enterprise Institute, 1978) 87-124. Epstein, Edward, News From Nowhere: Television, Politics, and the News (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1975).