St. Paul s Cathedral - 1104 Words

St. Paul’s Cathedral is an English Baroque styled cathedral dedicated to Paul of Apostle and the second cathedral to be built on the same site, first being Old St. Paul’s Cathedral which was also dedicated to Paul of Apostle. It is located in the City of London, England. The Fourth St. Paul’s, more commonly known as Old St. Paul’s Cathedral, was built by the Normans in 1087. The Normans, who in recent times had just conquered Britain, and were determined to build the largest Christian church in the world. The construction of the church finished in 1240 but the process of developing it to enlarge the church began less than 20 years later, Old St. Paul’s Cathedral was finally consecrated in 1300. Over the next few centuries the cathedral started to decay and thus the restoration of the cathedral begun in 1633 under the supervision of architect Inigo Jones. The nave and transepts were refaced in Portland stone and was remodelled with a portico. In 1642, restoration of the building was underway until the English Civil war put the project on hold.1 On 2nd September 1666, a major conflagration swept through the city damaging majority the city and it burned for four days and four nights, destroying 13,200 houses and 87 churches, inclu ding Old St. Paul’s Cathedral. After the fire, King at the time, Charles II, and the Lord Mayor quickly organised the reconstruction of the city. Nine days after the start of the fire Sir Christopher Wren produced a plan for the city which included aShow MoreRelatedSt. Paul s Cathedral1757 Words   |  8 Pagesarchitecture. One of the most influential buildings in this time is one that dominated the London skyline as a reference point for 300 years up until the 1960’s, and that is Wren’s St. Paul’s Cathedral. This building has been recorded to be in existence on its site as early as the 604, but it could have been around as early as the 400’s. St. Paul’s has endured many things throughout its time, but none as disastrous as the Great Fire in 1666. This event, which almost destroyed the whole town of LondonRead MoreTaking a Look at Saint Patricks Cathedral885 Words   |  4 PagesSaint Patricks Cathedral, one of New Yorks greatest cathedral s, is located in Manhattan at 14 E. 51st St. The main reason the cathedral was built was to affirm the ascendance of religious freedom and tolerance. Thousands of poor immigrants and one hundred three prominent citizens helped pay contributions toward the church. The prominent citizens paid approximately one thousand dollars each.This cathedral supports the idea that not one single generation builds a cathedral, but rather the past, presentRead MoreSt. Pauls Cathedral: Sir Christopher Wren Essay1802 Words   |  8 PagesSt. Pauls Cathedral St. Pauls Cathedral has had a very interesting and long history. It involves natural disasters, sabotage, invasions, lies, and deception. It has been through a lot over the many years of its existence, including several reconstructions. While there has been many changes to it, the one thing that could be counted on was the fact that there was always something unexpected happening to it. Even though St. Pauls Cathedral has had some hard times, it has re-bounded with theRead MoreThe Canterbury Cathedral Essay2561 Words   |  11 PagesThe Canterbury Cathedral For at least fourteen hundred years the worship of God has been offered on the site of this Cathedral, and through the prayers of the Church his power and grace have shaped human lives. Ever since the murder of Archbishop Thomas Becket in the Cathedral in 1170, Canterbury has attracted thousands of pilgrims. This tradition continues to this day, and a large team of Welcomers, Guides, Cathedral Assistants and Chaplains are there to give all visitors a warm welcomeRead MoreMurder in The Cathedral1097 Words   |  4 PagesMurder in the Cathedral was one of the first successful religious plays of the 20th Century (Weintraub). This play, and many others in the time period, shows the effects of World War II and the rising political power in Germany. Murder in the Cathedral shows the struggle of one man’s obligation to religion and defying the many temptations of a political leader. Murder in the Cathedral was influenced by the increasing political ideas in the time period. During this time period in Europe, the risingRead MoreThe Song I Feel Excitement900 Words   |  4 Pages1968. It was before 1968 sung at Winston Churchill’s funeral as well. Notable times in recent history it has been played at Ronald Regan’s state funeral and in honor on September 14, 2001 at the Washington National Cathedral in the United States as well as at St Paul s Cathedral in London to mourn the great loss of life from the September 11 attacks. The song continues to be played for National Conventions and it is so strongly regarded President Bush had it played as he greeted Pope BenedictRead MoreThe Baroque Period and Famous Composers Essays1249 Words   |  5 Pagesorgan, the harpsichord, and the violin. At the age of 17, Handel experienced the loss of his father. He would quickly move on and enroll as a law student t Halle University. Shortly after beginning school, he became the organist at the protestant cathedral. After a year of school, Handel moved on into the world of the theatre. Handel was inspired to attempt his hand in composing an opera. Almira was Handel’s first attempt at an opera, and was warmly welcomed by the audience. Almira was characterizedRead MoreThe Armada Of The Spanish Armada1200 Words   |  5 Pages THE SPANISH ARMADA Armada Portrait Queen Elizabeth I The Armada Portrait Buy at Allposters.com The defeat of the Spanish Armada is one of the most famous events in English history. It was arguably Queen Elizabeth s finest hour. For years she had been hailed as the English Deborah, the saviour of the English people, and now it seemed that this is what she had really become. She was now Bellona, the goddess of war, and in triumph she had led her people to glory, defeating the greatest power inRead MoreDoes Being Older Mean Making More Money?1666 Words   |  7 Pagesillustrated in Berninis Ecstasy of St. Teresa, centerpiece of the Cornaro Chapel? a. fascination with modern science and mathematics b. interest in religious emotion and human psychology c. neoclassical preference for order and balance d. dynamism created by conflicting lines Page ref: 260 3. Which of these baroque works best realizes the attempt to combine different arts in a single, dramatically unified whole? a. Handel’s Messiah b. Caravaggio’s Calling of St. Matthew c. Bernini’s CornaroRead MoreThe Plaza ( Jose Marti Memorial )1032 Words   |  5 PagesThe square claims its place in history as the place where the country’s former president the late Fidel Castro delivered speeches to vast audiences that sometimes attracted large crowds of more than one million people. In 1998, the late pope John Paul II celebrated mass there. 2. Santa Clara Located in the Villa Clara province, Santa Clara boosts cultural interactions that are rich and that will amaze anybody who is there to have a good time. The fact that it is a university town making it vibrant

The Ottoman Empire And Islamic Terrorism - 1345 Words

Topical Essay 1 The Ottoman Empire and Islamic Terrorism Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Global Terrorism Florida International University By Melinda J. Persaud November 7, 2014 Introduction What is known today as modern-day Turkey, was once one of the most powerful empires in the world. They referred to this imperial state as the Ottoman Empire. The Purpose of the empire was to expand their territory, and spread their Islamic teachings. With this they had created a thirteenth century empire led by Osman, the founder of the Ottoman Empire. Osman surrounded himself with strong solders who specialized in ambushes, and hit and run tactics, they referred to these highly trained soldiers as â€Å"Janissaries†. The empire they built was the largest and most dominant of the Muslim empires. The decline of the Ottoman Empire led to terrorist movements, specifically Islamic terrorism. Wanting to spread their beliefs through violence, Islamic terrorist groups began to try to overpower certain nations. It not only existed in the later history but still seems to play a big role even today. This has spread throughout the world from the horrific tragedy of the World Trade Center all the way to the multiple bombings in the London Underground. One main terrorist group that has our focus today would be ISIS whose purpose is to create an Islamic state. This is only one example of a current Islamic terrorist group. Power, religion, and beliefs areShow MoreRelatedThe Ottoman Empire And Islamic Terrorism1193 Words   |  5 Pages The Ottoman Empire and Islamic Terrorism Florida International University By Melinda Persaud November 7, 2014 Introduction What is known today as modern-day Turkey, was once one of the most powerful empires in the world. They referred to this imperial state as the Ottoman Empire. The Purpose of the empire was to gain land , and spread their Islamic teachings. With this they had created a thirteenth century empire led by Osman, the founder of the Ottoman Empire. Osman surroundedRead MoreThe Rise Of Terrorist Groups During The Middle East1328 Words   |  6 Pagesextremism and solve the problem permanently, the world and its inhabitants must deracinate this menace from its roots. Aside from religious fundamentalism, a large portion of the problem lies in the modern history of the Middle East. When the Ottoman Empire collapsed in 1920, combined British and French politicians, scholars, archaeologists, military officers and colonial administrators arbitrarily divided up the boundaries of the newly created nations in the Sykes-Picot agreement. In effect, theyRead MoreIslam, by Karen Armstrong762 Words   |  4 Pagesof the Quran in Mecca. Islams reputation of promoting a strict and controlling government, female oppression, civil war, and terrorism is not completely correct. Islam is a rich and complex religion that is often misunderstood in the modern world. There have been many obstacles that have been faced. Islam wouldnt exist today with its leaders, the Crusades, and their empires. The most important leader was, of course, Muhammad. He basically set up Islam and preached and converted many to this religionRead More The Media and Mass Misinterpretation of Islam Essays893 Words   |  4 Pagestimes been misunderstood not only as to the values it preaches, but also in relation to its core beliefs. Although in today’s post September 11th world Islam and its followers, who are also known as Muslims, tend to be associated with acts of terrorism, the Middle East and anti-American beliefs, Islam at its core is radically different than what most people perceive it to be. Being the fastest-growing religion in the world, Islam’s 1.2 billion practitioners reside throughout the hemispheres. AlthoughRead MoreTerrorism and Homeland Security1138 Words   |  5 PagesTerrorism and Homeland Security Answer to Question 2 Hamas was founded in 1987 and its aim was to address Palestinian quest for nation statehood and their consequent grievances (Herzog, 2006). The writer explains that the name is acronym in Arabic for Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiya or the Islamic Resistance Movement. The groups ideology, the writer explains was outlined in its covenant of 1998. The covenant stipulates that the land of Palestine is an Islamic endowment. It stipulates that theRead MoreThe Colonization Of The Ottoman Empire After World War I929 Words   |  4 PagesThe colonization of Muslim territories began with the rise of European empires, the conquest of India, the scramble for Africa, and its last phase included the division of the Arab territories of the Ottoman Empire after World War I. An economic system began to take shape in the later 17th century but fully matured in the 19th century, once the European powers had established economic and political predominance around the world through the establishment of c olonies and the exercise of aggressiveRead MoreSeptember 11 Attacks and Nationalist Terrorist Groups Essay1414 Words   |  6 PagesTerrorism Paper 11/16/09 There are several terrorist groups throughout the world today. All the terrorist groups have one common goal and that is to rid the world of Americans and western influence from the Muslim world. There is one organization that has ties to most of all the terrorist groups in the world and is the most infamous group in the world today and that is the group called Al-Qaeda The word Al-Qaeda means â€Å"the base† in Muslim. As an international terrorist organization led by OsamaRead More Terrorism and the Pursuit of God Essay example648 Words   |  3 PagesTerrorism and the Pursuit of God To set out on a suicide mission, to willingly kill thousands of civilians seems unfathomable for many Americans in the wake of the tragedy of September 11, 2001. Why would anyone do something like that? The answer from many sources has been: religion. More specifically, many people are blaming the Islamic religion, the religion that the hijackers are suspected to adhere to, claiming that Islam reveres its martyrs and sanctions war. But the answer is muchRead MoreMedia Portrayal of Islam Essay760 Words   |  4 PagesWesterners are often wary of Muslims. In contrast to what the media portrays, Islam is a peaceful religion, which does not promote violence or terrorism. Islamic stereotypes are not new to Western culture. Problems can be traced back to the time of the Crusades, when Christians and Muslims were vying for control of Jerusalem. At that time, the spread of Ottoman and Moorish control in Europe started to threaten the position of the Christian Church and the ruling class. The governments, churches, andRead MoreThe Rule Of The Ottoman Empire1637 Words   |  7 Pagesas 1516, Syria has been known to be ruled under Ottoman Turks Empire for well over several centuries. In 1916 Arabs and British military collaborated together and rebelled against Turkish rules. This allowed independence over the Turks for Arab countries and ending 400 years of supreme political power of the Ottoman Empire. After many years of restructuring Syria economics, social, and political fields, they combined the Ottoman, French, and Islamic laws up until the 1980’s. The criminal, civil,

Hip Hop Culture free essay sample

Assignment for Media with Cultural Studies Level Two Youth Cultures, Subcultures and Industry Hip-Hop Culture This essay alms to examine the importance of the Hip-Hop culture in 21st century society. It will begin with consideration of the history of Hip-Hop, discussing its stylistic adaptations, cultural preferences and concerns, referring to the studies of black culture by Ellis Cashmere and Mark Neal. Within this I will explore the ethnicity and authenticity of the culture, with reference to last years Popular Music and its Cultural Context unit.The essay will then move on to evaluate the cultures allegations with the media, concentrating on the well documented moral panics associated with the culture; I will make particular reference to the theories of Stan Cohen. By studying the political and historical patterns of the culture, I endeavourer to discover the overall meaning which the culture has for Its members and for society. It Is primarily Important to coin what Hip-Hop Is, the dictionary definition describes Hip-Hop as: hip-hop (h p h p ) or hip hop noun. African people danced for many occasions such as weddings, funerals, war, and childbirth and even to celebrate a child losing teeth. Although dancing in Africa meant unity and brought implies together the actual act separated people.For instance, In the ring circle, which was the area African people would dance, married men, married women, young women and young men were separate. These groups were separate because it minimized any confusion between the groups. Usually men danced more aggressively and women more soft. A message of unity, yet separating people did not end in African dance this strategy carried on into hip hop dance. In the hip hop culture people dance to express themselves and it Is a form of communication. Hip hop dance Is an outlet for many people. In the culture dancing constantly and consecutively with the music shows passion and Its excitement. In the hip hop culture today people dance for different occasions as well. Not necessarily for weddings and funerals but to put on shows or even battle through dance. There are modern day ring circles where people come together form a circle and people dance in the middle and people cheer them on and dance along with them. This art form has the exact same excitement passion and unity as the African dance. Whether Its African dance or hip hop dance the movement of the body and music go hand In hand.African dance was accompanied by the sounds of hands clapping, feet stomping and the rhythm of the African drum. The African drum played a major part in African dancing because it provided the rhythm people would dance to. The drum considered the most important Instrument in African culture because it symbolizes the heartbeat of the dancer. Professional musicians known as Grits as stated In the packet have knowledge and experience with ceremonial music, tribes history, and tortellini. These particular stories were told through the use of the drum. In hip hop culture the beat rhythm or instrumental to a song is very important.It brings the song to life. Like the African drum the beat is to keep people moving and dancing. In hip hop there is usually a DC or an MAC who plays music or tells a story which Is similar to the Africans Grist. They set the mood and the tempo with music. The drum was Like a story being told and hip hop beats are no different because connecting to hip hop music today consider hip hop culture as a whole. The concerts, PI shows and the overall image of hip hop. How did it evolve to be what it is today? Perhaps the Minstrels shows played a part in this musical evolution.Many years ago Minstrel shows are created by racist white people. These shows Newer created to humiliate black people. Minstrel shows showcased white actors in black face which is burnt cork on coca butter or black grease. They talked ignorant and in broken English and mocked the way slaves danced. These particular shows made more money than regular shows and became an instant hit. With characters eke Jim Crow, Mamma, Buck, and Picnicking. Shortly after the Minstrel shows took off some black people embraced those stereotypes and starred in minstrels in black face themselves.They starred in these shows mainly for money and fame. Frederick Douglass says the filthy scum of white society, who have stolen from us a complexion, denied them by nature, in which to make money and pander to the corrupt taste of their white fellow citizens. These shows created controversy everywhere. Many people were talking. Controversy didnt stop there when it came to black performers. Hundreds of ears later there still lives the same concept of black people putting on shows that embarrass the race but it makes them money and gives them fame.In hip hop it is seen often with rappers. Many rap artist are the target when comparing to Minstrel shows. This is because some talk ignorantly or with slang, dress like thugs or pimps and act as if they dont care about life. This lifestyle is closely related to the minstrel shows because its done for money and fame not for entertainment or unity. Author Ken Budget wrote in his article Minstrel shows that The setting has changed from idyllic plantation to the mean streets of urban America, the process remains the same This quote basically states that the culture hasnt really improved but it Just relocated. The events and topics discussed are still relevant today in hip hop. Dancing is still huge part of the culture and it contributes to its overall meaning. The African drum compared to the beats of hip hop is still very relevant because the sounds of the African drum are still used to this very day. Hip hop is greatly influenced by African dance and music. Also, Minstrel shows influence hip hop whether it is noticed or not here is still an underlying theme that continues to show face.

Why focus on Environmental Protection Almost any Essay Example For Students

Why focus on Environmental Protection? Almost any Essay policy issue could serve to illustrate the significant themes, but environmental protection places them in particularly bold relief. It involves an extremely broad range of scientific information, including most of the physical, biological, and social sciences. The questions of risk and uncertainty that it presents are especially subtle. Furthermore, the environment provides an excellent example of what happens when these problems merge with other profound philosophical and political dilemmas. Our relationship with the environment raises fundamental issues about who we are and what we care about. It challenges a basic belief of industrial society; namely, that mastery of nature is mankinds greatest project. It may force a choice between health and beauty on the one hand and prosperity on the other. It requires us to consider our relationships not only to fellow humans but to plants and animals as well. First of all, an agency like EPA has substantial power, because of its expertise and its formal authority. Even when disputing its findings, all parties to a controversy often find themselves focusing on the information and analysis that EPA provides. The Environmental Protection Agency is unique among environmental regulatory agencies in that it deals with both public health and resource management issues. We will write a custom essay on Why focus on Environmental Protection? Almost any specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Its comprehensive authority is reflected in its position in the Executive Branch. It is the only regulatory agency whose administrator reports directly to the President. No single agency, however, can be understood in isolation. It is constantly influencing, and being influenced by, the courts, interest groups, the Congress, and other parts of Executive Branch. Our story really begins with the great movement to the suburbs after World WarII. Hoards of upwardly mobile white-collar workers left crowded cities for localities with clean air, gardens, and grass. However, the reality of suburban life smog, traffic jams and strip development too often left this rural fantasy unrealized. At the same time some rural folk watched with dismay as their small towns became urbanized. The population was becoming younger; more secure financially, and better educated. Between 1950 and 1974 the percentage of adults with some college education rose from 13.4 to 25.2%. This was coupled with a streak of unprecedented prosperity. Prosperity, leisure, mobility, and greater understanding of physical and biological science combined to create a new awareness of, and interest in, the natural world. The translation of widespread but unfocused public concern into specific policies and programs was shaped by the political institutions of the time. The characteristics of these institutions decisively affected the form and the content of the public debate about environmental questions, and the results that were obtained. The changes that occurred in political parties, in the media, and in the environmental community were of particular importance. Political Parties: Democrats confronted a decline in union membership and in the number of small farmers and a decrease in party loyalty among traditionally Democratic groups. Republicans were suffering from the continued depopulation of the smaller cities and town and rural areas. Each party saw its salvation in the suburbs. There resided the young, well-educated voters who were to become the foundation of environmentalism. Rural democrats deeply appreciated the public works projects that had brought electricity to their homes, paved roads to their doorstep, and saved heir land from the dual ravages of flood and drought. They were upset at the new criticism of such projects, as were the construction unions whose members built these same dams and roads. Republicans too were torn. Environmentalism risked antagonizing their traditional friends in the business community. Fiscal conservatives and opponents of government intrusion were also upset by demands for increased public and private spending on pollution control. Leaders in both parties sought to frame environmental programs to avoid these divisions. The resulting incoherence in the design of environmental programs was therefore due in part to the ambivalent motivations that produced them. Media: The second important development was the growing role of television news. Potentially very profitable, the news is substantially cheaper to produce than entertainment programs, and widely viewed. .u6e2215a81005b078f13454590ad6f28d , .u6e2215a81005b078f13454590ad6f28d .postImageUrl , .u6e2215a81005b078f13454590ad6f28d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6e2215a81005b078f13454590ad6f28d , .u6e2215a81005b078f13454590ad6f28d:hover , .u6e2215a81005b078f13454590ad6f28d:visited , .u6e2215a81005b078f13454590ad6f28d:active { border:0!important; } .u6e2215a81005b078f13454590ad6f28d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6e2215a81005b078f13454590ad6f28d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6e2215a81005b078f13454590ad6f28d:active , .u6e2215a81005b078f13454590ad6f28d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6e2215a81005b078f13454590ad6f28d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6e2215a81005b078f13454590ad6f28d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6e2215a81005b078f13454590ad6f28d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6e2215a81005b078f13454590ad6f28d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6e2215a81005b078f13454590ad6f28d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6e2215a81005b078f13454590ad6f28d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6e2215a81005b078f13454590ad6f28d .u6e2215a81005b078f13454590ad6f28d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6e2215a81005b078f13454590ad6f28d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Signifigance Of Disease And Plauge In Hamlet Essay Local competition is especially intense because the local news is often the first show viewers watch each evening. This gives stations an opportunity to capture viewers for the entire evening. It has become industry gospel . Why focus on Environmental Protection Almost any Essay Example For Students Why focus on Environmental Protection? Almost any Essay policy issue could serve to illustrate the significant themes, but environmental protection places them in particularly bold relief. It involves an extremely broad range of scientific information, including most of the physical, biological, and social sciences. The questions of risk and uncertainty that it presents are especially subtle. Furthermore, the environment provides an excellent example of what happens when these problems merge with other profound philosophical and political dilemmas. Our relationship with the environment raises fundamental issues about who we are and what we care about. It challenges a basic belief of industrial society; namely, that mastery of nature is mankinds greatest project. It may force a choice between health and beauty on the one hand and prosperity on the other. It requires us to consider our relationships not only to fellow humans but to plants and animals as well. We will write a custom essay on Why focus on Environmental Protection? Almost any specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now First of all, an agency like EPA has substantial power, because of its expertise and its formal authority. Even when disputing its findings, all parties to a controversy often find themselves focusing on the information and analysis that EPA provides. The Environmental Protection Agency is unique among environmental regulatory agencies in that it deals with both public health and resource management issues. Its comprehensive authority is reflected in its position in the Executive Branch. It is the only regulatory agency whose administrator reports directly to the President. No single agency, however, can be understood in isolation. It is constantly influencing, and being influenced by, the courts, interest groups, the Congress, and other parts of Executive Branch. Our story really begins with the great movement to the suburbs after World WarII. Hoards of upwardly mobile white-collar workers left crowded cities for localities with clean air, gardens, and grass. However, the reality of suburban life smog, traffic jams and strip development too often left this rural fantasy unrealized. At the same time some rural folk watched with dismay as their small towns became urbanized. The population was becoming younger; more secure financially, and better educated. Between 1950 and 1974 the percentage of adults with some college education rose from 13.4 to 25.2%. This was coupled with a streak of unprecedented prosperity. Prosperity, leisure, mobility, and greater understanding of physical and biological science combined to create a new awareness of, and interest in, the natural world. The translation of widespread but unfocused public concern into specific policies and programs was shaped by the political institutions of the time. The characteristics of these institutions decisively affected the form and the content of the public debate about environmental questions, and the results that were obtained. The changes that occurred in political parties, in the media, and in the environmental community were of particular importance. Political Parties: Democrats confronted a decline in union membership and in the number of small farmers and a decrease in party loyalty among traditionally Democratic groups. Republicans were suffering from the continued depopulation of the smaller cities and town and rural areas. Each party saw its salvation in the suburbs. There resided the young, well-educated voters who were to become the foundation of environmentalism. Rural democrats deeply appreciated the public works projects that had brought electricity to their homes, paved roads to their doorstep, and saved heir land from the dual ravages of flood and drought. They were upset at the new criticism of such projects, as were the construction unions whose members built these same dams and roads. Republicans too were torn. Environmentalism risked antagonizing their traditional friends in the business community. Fiscal conservatives and opponents of government intrusion were also upset by demands for increased public and private spending on pollution control. Leaders in both parties sought to frame environmental programs to avoid these divisions. The resulting incoherence in the design of environmental programs was therefore due in part to the ambivalent motivations that produced them. .u725706968ae7359c86f6b9621f208e7a , .u725706968ae7359c86f6b9621f208e7a .postImageUrl , .u725706968ae7359c86f6b9621f208e7a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u725706968ae7359c86f6b9621f208e7a , .u725706968ae7359c86f6b9621f208e7a:hover , .u725706968ae7359c86f6b9621f208e7a:visited , .u725706968ae7359c86f6b9621f208e7a:active { border:0!important; } .u725706968ae7359c86f6b9621f208e7a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u725706968ae7359c86f6b9621f208e7a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u725706968ae7359c86f6b9621f208e7a:active , .u725706968ae7359c86f6b9621f208e7a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u725706968ae7359c86f6b9621f208e7a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u725706968ae7359c86f6b9621f208e7a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u725706968ae7359c86f6b9621f208e7a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u725706968ae7359c86f6b9621f208e7a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u725706968ae7359c86f6b9621f208e7a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u725706968ae7359c86f6b9621f208e7a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u725706968ae7359c86f6b9621f208e7a .u725706968ae7359c86f6b9621f208e7a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u725706968ae7359c86f6b9621f208e7a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Segmentation and Tesco EssayMedia: The second important development was the growing role of television news. Potentially very profitable, the news is substantially cheaper to produce than entertainment programs, and widely viewed. Local competition is especially intense because the local news is often the first show viewers watch each evening. This gives stations an opportunity to capture viewers for the entire evening. It has become industry gospel that a good news segment must have (1) visual interest, (2) a strong story line, and (3) viewer identification with its outcome. Environmental stories meet all three requirements. Oil covered birds, belching smoke stacks, rusting storage drums, and inspection crews in moonsuits are all visually compelling. Environmental stories have the particular advantage that often the crew can set up at its leisure and have plenty of vivid footage to show in newscasts. This is not to say that media journalists concoct environmental stories. They do, however, have powerful incentives to accentuate their pictorial and dramatic qualities. As a result, viewers repeated encounter such disputes as life threatening contests between good and evil. Environmental Movement: The third important development involved the evolution of the environmental movement. Some environmental organization, The Sierra Club (1892), the Audubon Society (1905), the Wilderness Society (1935), and the National Wildlife Federation (1936), have existed for decades and have large numbers of members whose dues support their activities. But in the early 1970s, they were joined by newer organizations like the Environmental Defense Fund (EDF) and the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC). These had fewer members and relied on grants from foundations for their sustenance. From the outset, their main goal was to influence governmental policy. EPAs purpose is to ensure that:All Americans are protected from significant risks to human health and the environment where they live, learn and work. National efforts to reduce environmental risk are based on the best available scientific information. Federal laws protecting human health and the environment are enforced fairly and effectively. Environmental protection is an integral consideration in US policies concerning natural resources, human health, economic growth, energy, transportation, agriculture, industry, and international trade, and these factors are similarly considered in establishing environmental policy. All parts of society communities, individuals, business, state and local governments have access to accurate information sufficient to effectively participate in managing human health and environmental risks. Environmental protection contributes to making our communities and ecosystems diverse, sustainable and economically productive. The United States plays a leadership role in working with other nations to protect the global environment. The domain of quality of life provides the proper strategic focus from EPA. This point of view does not ignore health or distributive justice but it places them in a wider perspective, one that EPA is well situated to offer. The concerns that comprise quality of life were critical elements of the early political mobilization for environmental improvement. They have reemerged in recent years due to three major factors: a heightened awareness of the damage that pollution does to recreation and aesthetics; a renewed consciousness of the role that land use and location decisions play in environmental policy making; and an increasing concern for the problem of residuals management. To focus on quality of life: What should be spent, required, forbidden, or provided to improve the quality of life in this or that place through increased environment protection efforts?This formulation emphasizes that the aim of the agency ought to be to improve the lot of actual people living in real places. It implies that finding places to put garbage and keeping beaches free of debris may well be more important than trying to reduce a statistical cancer risk from slightly more to slightly less than one in a million. This strategic formulation not only guides the deployment of limited agency resources, it also instructs the choice of whom it is most important to coordinate activities with. It implies that those parts of government that share the agencys focus upon the physical condition of cities and towns the department of Housing and Urban Development; the Department of Transportation; and the other federal, state, and local housing, transportation, industrial development, and urban recreation agencies are EPAs most important policy partners. .u223833bb24863c78de155b3d043df31d , .u223833bb24863c78de155b3d043df31d .postImageUrl , .u223833bb24863c78de155b3d043df31d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u223833bb24863c78de155b3d043df31d , .u223833bb24863c78de155b3d043df31d:hover , .u223833bb24863c78de155b3d043df31d:visited , .u223833bb24863c78de155b3d043df31d:active { border:0!important; } .u223833bb24863c78de155b3d043df31d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u223833bb24863c78de155b3d043df31d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u223833bb24863c78de155b3d043df31d:active , .u223833bb24863c78de155b3d043df31d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u223833bb24863c78de155b3d043df31d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u223833bb24863c78de155b3d043df31d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u223833bb24863c78de155b3d043df31d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u223833bb24863c78de155b3d043df31d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u223833bb24863c78de155b3d043df31d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u223833bb24863c78de155b3d043df31d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u223833bb24863c78de155b3d043df31d .u223833bb24863c78de155b3d043df31d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u223833bb24863c78de155b3d043df31d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Why I Love Baseball EssayWhat kind of questions do citizens like us should encourage to ask EPA reflecting critical features of reality? Encouraging and assisting citizens to determine the future character of peoples community facilitates real deliberation about how a community should integrate a concern for environment safety with the other objectives it seeks. EPAs ability to structure the debate and supply pertinent information can help citizens to recognize that the most important question to be asked and the decisions to be made about the environment are political, not technical. This focus will also encourage the agency to be strategically responsive. If the key issues appear to be technical, as in how best to prevent cancer, they provide no real grounds for political debate. But Democrats and Republicans can and ought to provide alternative visions of what quality of life means and how best to achieve it. By articulating their point of view about this vital matter, EPAs leaders can be made meaningfully accountable and can provide a foundation upon which to build stronger and more durable support for the party they represent. Achieving any environmental result efficiently and effectively requires government to combine various kinds of professional and functional expertise. To get attention paid to specific consequences, all those same consequences have to be someones responsibility. At EPA, the appropriate specialists need to feel first and foremost that they are responsible for the final environmental result, not just for their narrow functions or specific activities. To do this, they must be brought together in the early stages of developing a rule, a standard, or a legislative proposal, thereby insuring that all the options, and their ramifications, can be fully appreciated. Technical experts who understand the relevant natural systems and engineering alternatives must interact with lawyers and management specialists to produce a program that will function effectively in human as well as technical terms. This collaboration should occur in an atmosphere that encourages an open exchange of views on both means and ends, an exchange in which strategic options are clarified. This journey through such complex political and bureaucratic detail was intended to convey a simple idea. A democratic society produces citizens as much as it does goods or services. In a country like the United States, with so much freedom, technological dynamism, and decentralized initiative, there will always be problems adapting to growth and change. Citizens learn about their world and define their political relationships to each other as they struggle with such new problems as how much is owed to the ill, and what types of risks are to be considered illegitimate. These policy deliberations are the classrooms of the republic. Finally, government played an important role in cultivating new understandings of international relations and racial inequality. It can do the same with the realities of environmental protection. I admire the energy and public-spiritedness of the agency officials. Exactly because I have such respect for them we have tried to offer a sophisticated and complex view of the role that public officials can play in getting to the future Americans wish for themselves and their children. BIBLIOGRAPHYLandy, Mark K. (1990) The Environmental Protection Agency. New York: Oxford University Press. Chapter 1-2,10Douglas, Carter. (1964) Power in Washington. New York: Random House. Hugh, Heclo. Issue Networks and the Executive Establishment, in Anthony King, ed., the New American Political System (Washington D.C.: The American Enterprise Institute, 1978) 87-124. Epstein, Edward, News From Nowhere: Television, Politics, and the News (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1975).

How to Customize WordPress Admin Interface

The WordPress admin interfaceits where you write your fantastic blog posts, beautify your site, and so much more. Its your home for anything and everything WordPress. But just like your real home, its not really yours until you move in, rearrange the furniture, and put up some pictures. Hence the need to customize WordPress admin interface.Thats what this post is all about. Making wp-admin your own. Turning it from a generic fresh WordPress install into the exact setup to help you, your clients, or your members get the most out of WordPress.Ill show you how to:Customize the wp-admin login pageSimplify your wp-admin using Screen OptionsCustomize wp-admin menus and other detailsCompletely change your wp-admin designWhy Customize WordPress Admin?There are three main reasons to customize WordPress admin interface, though they wont all apply to your site:Youre the only person with access to your admin panel and you just want to change its appearance or functionality.You run a membership s ite, BuddyPress, or other type of site where users are regularly logging into WordPress.Youre a WordPress designer who wants to provide a client-friendly admin section.Create a Unique WordPress Login PageThe login page is the gate to your wp-admin section. And its also generic and boring by default:Every default login page has the same logo, the same design, the same links. Thats pretty boring. And its the complete opposite of brandable.You can fix that by following some simple steps outlined in this guide. Its the most user-friendly way to customize your login page because it uses the native WordPress Customizer. That means you can preview all the changes you make in real time. No guessing what your login page will look like!Declutter Your Admin Interface with Screen OptionsWhens the last time you read the WordPress News section on your dashboard? Probably sometime between never and Theres a WordPress News section!? It takes up space without really offering anything of value.Thankf ully, its easy to pick and choose which boxes display inside your wp-admin. All these options are available after clicking the not-very-well-known Screen Options button:Just give the button a click. Then, you can pick and choose which widgets you want. Just uncheck the boxes you dont want:You can do this for most pages in your wp-admin. For example, if you wanted to edit what information appears when you create a new post, you can repeat the same process on that page:Browse through all your admin pages and be amazed at how much you can declutter your wp-admin!Change Menus and Customize in DetailIf you want to customize WordPress admin beyond whats available in the Screen Options tab, youll need to turn to another plugin. This time, youll use one called WP Admin UI Customize: WP Admin UI Customize Author(s): Administrator role. If youre editing for others, make sure to select the appropriate user roles:Then, you can customize nearly everything about your admin panel. Covering ever y option would require a whole post of its own, so Ill just hit the highlights:1. Change the wp-admin SidebarIf youve installed a lot of plugins, your wp-admin sidebar menu might be getting a little cluttered. You can organize everything by going to the Sidebar option. You can then edit your internal menu using the same interface you use to create custom front-end menus:Just drag and drop everything where you want it. You can also edit sub-menus by clicking the expand arrow, which gives you powerful control over how everything works:2. Change the Floating Admin BarYou can also use the plugin to similarly customize the floating admin bar that appears when users are logged in. Just navigate to the Admin bar section and you can drag and drop using the same interface. The only difference is that the admin bar is divided into two sections: left and right.Totally Change the Design with Admin ThemesOk, Ive covered all these tweaks you can make to functionality inside wp-admin. But what if you really want to totally change how things look? Say you hate looking at the drab WordPress design and want something with a little more oomph. Or maybe you prefer a lighter interface. Whatever your motivation, you can make major aesthetic changes to your wp-admin section using admin themes.Youre probably familiar with how themes affect your frontend site. The same concept applies to your admin section. While these admin themes are technically plugins, theyll redesign your admin section and add functionality just like a theme.Here are some of the best options:1. Slate Admin Theme Slate Admin Theme Author(s): Ryan SommersCurrent Version: 1.2.1Last Updated: February 23, 2019slate-admin-theme.1.2.1.zip 96%Ratings 74,440Downloads WP 4.0+Requires This free admin theme plugin provides a darker admin interface thats much easier on the eyes. Beyond some minor reorganization, dont expect any added functionality. This one is all about aesthetics:All you need to do is install the plu gin and activate it to see the changes.2. Fancy Admin UI Fancy Admin UI Author(s): Bob OrchardCurrent Version: 2.1Last Updated: December 27, 2017fancy-admin-ui.zip 90%Ratings 36,415Downloads 3.9.0Requires If the dark interface of Slate isnt quite your speed, you can go lighter with the free Fancy Admin UI. Whereas Slate went black, Fancy Admin UI goes blue. It has a light, airy feel to it that Im a big fan of:Again, no settings or details to customize. Just install the theme, activate, and ogle your new wp-admin design.3. First WordPress Admin ThemeIf youre willing to go premium, First WordPress Admin Theme provides the most beautiful design of the bunch. In addition to re-skinning the wp-admin, it will also give you loads of customization options.Most of these options overlap with the WP Admin UI Customize plugin I discussed earlier, though. So dont feel like you need to purchase this plugin just for those functionality add-ons.After installing the plugin, heres what youll be looking at every time you log in:First WordPress Admin Theme costs $20.Wrapping things up on how to customize WordPress adminWeve covered a lot today! You learned how to customize every aspect of your wp-admin experience. From logging in, to decluttering, to changing functionality, and even fully changing the design.Now its time to put these concepts into action, go customize WordPress admin, and give yourself the perfect wp-admin section!Is there anything you need help with? Feel free to speak up in the comments!Free guide5 Essential Tips to Speed Up Your WordPress SiteReduce your loading time by even 50-80% just by following simple tips. About the author:Â  Colin Newcomer is a freelance writer for hire with a background in SEO and affiliate marketing. He helps clients grow their web visibility by writing primarily about digital marketing, WordPress, and B2B topics. You can find him at www.cnewcomer.com.

Public and Private Schooling essays

Public and Private Schooling essays Public Education Needs to be Educated Audience: The public school community There is a learning gap between public and private schools. It has become apparent that students coming from public school systems find themselves not prepared for the standard of work that is expected at a university. Yet private school students can make the transition with ease. Public schools need to raise their academic standards to the same level as private school because raising standards will give public school students a better chance of college success. I floated through high school. There was no reason to try any harder, as long as I got Bs and Cs, nothing else mattered. Senior year was a joke. In half of the courses in my senior year, we did nothing but watch movies and play games on the computer, including the teacher. I thought I was supposed to be learning. I didnt have to do a senior project if I didnt want to; there was no final paper to write. I remember my friends who attended private school and how they would always talk of how much homework they had or some paper they had to write. Then I came to college and faced a big reality check. I quickly realized that with the ease of my senior year and public education, I was in no way prepared for what was expected of me. I wasnt ready for the work load or the speed at which the professors wanted it completed. It was like playing catch up for the entire first term. There are many things that can be done to close the gap between public and private schools. Funding is the biggest issue. Public schools just dont have the money to attract the high quality teachers. Many of the teachers that I came in contact with were not very enthused about what they were teaching. This is why teachers should be one of the highest paid occupations. It improves the quality of the teaching and the teacher, which is why students who come from a private school background ty...

American Fish Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

American Fish - Assignment Example Nakamura and the family were made to leave the country because the treatment they were getting while in America was not good. She explains it sadly, that her father was even forced to sell the store they had worked so hard for a living at a throwaway price. They sold it to the first buyer who was willing to buy the store (Sasaki, p. 72). From the story, after a long dance around the embarrassment of trying to figure out where they had met before, it comes clear that they had met each other in the workplace. Mrs. Hayashi was once working in Macy’s where Mrs. Nakamura was heading for work as they were parting. This explains the theory of forgetting where there were loss and decay of memory due to disuse of the information as they had parted a long time ago. Before making any referral point to individuals that I meet, I also try to get their background information rather those misleading assumptions that might lead to loss or failure of identification. By so doing, it will help in memory refresh and making of correct referral points (Sasaki, p.74). The referral points that have been made are all wrong I can say this because it is evident that there has been a war between the two countries. In addition, immigrants to America from Japan are treated poorly and to the extent to which they are forced to vacate upon orders just like a family to Mrs. Nakamura (Sasaki, p.

An Interview with George Washington Research Paper

An Interview with George Washington - Research Paper Example Instead, I celebrate the time that they had in this world and the difference they made in the lives of those they touched. I was also blessed to have family and friends to get me through those hard times. My brother Lawrence became like a parent to me after the demise of our father and his father-in-law William Fairfax also played a large role in molding me into the man you see standing before you. As you can see, the almighty may have taken my father to be with him but he provided me with two capable replacements in return and thus I was never lacking. Washington: (Laughing) Ah yes, not many predicted this path for me when I was young lad. My father, God rest his soul, was a slave owner and a farmer of tobacco. I can say he had enterprising spirit within him and he liked to try new things for he later also tried his luck in the iron mining business. Washington: Well after my father’s demise, I unfortunately could not follow in the steps of my older brothers and cross the seas for an education from Appleby School in England. Thus alternative choices had to be sought elsewhere nearer home. Funnily enough, I was to join the Royal Navy on my 15th birthday but our poor mother could not bear to see her son taken through such rigorous experiences! Little did she know that my path would still cross with the military’s later on. Washington: Alas no, my dear brother Lawrence assisted me in getting a job as an official surveyor for Culpeper County and my involvement with the military only occurred after he had breathed his last on this earth. (Pauses) Lawrence was a good man. He held a position in the militia as Adjutant General and his true value was revealed when they divvied this position into four parts after his death. Few people can say that they did the work of four men but my brother is one of them. I was appointed to occupy one of these four positions and thus my stint in the military began as a district adjutant

Strategic planing Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Strategic planing - Coursework Example A business can combine other strategies like Cost Leadership or Differentiation strategy for the focus group along with the Market Niche Strategy to maximize its sales. It can identify a market segment for its product and then try to further its edge in the limited competition within that group by either differentiating its product based on the exclusivity etc. or by creating an edge through Cost Leadership strategies for that market segment. â€Å"This strategy provides the company the possibility to charge a premium price for superior quality (differentiation focus) or by offering a low price product to a small and specialised group of buyers (cost focus).† ( Essay on Porter’s Generic Strategies) Ferrari is a very good example of a business which is employing the Niche Strategy in automobile industry along with Differentiation strategy. It has created a car which is a status symbol thus differentiating itself from other automobiles but it is only catering to a small number of customers all over the world. It is also providing a unique customer service to its client for life by picking and dropping off the cars on customer’s doorstep for maintenance and repairs. This exclusive service helps it differentiate itself even within the market niche of luxury sports cars. Vertical Integration. Is your company vertically integrated? If so, is it fully, or partially, integrated? If not, would such a move yield potentially high competitive rewards? Explain your rationale. You can also use a past firm or one with which you are familiar.( use a firm that you are familiar with) Andrew Carnegie’s steel operation in nineteenth century is a classic example of vertical Integration. As the concept of Vertical Integration means that a company controls several or all the steps in the production of a product or service to gain maximum control of that market. This concept was fully employed by Andrew Carnegie who became the steel

The Oral Corrective Feedback English Language Essay

The Oral Corrective Feedback English Language Essay The focus on errors made by second language (L2) learners and Corrective Feedback (CF) _ called as negative evidence, repair, negative feedback and focus-on-form by linguists, discourse analysts, psychologists and those who work recently on classroom Second Language Acquisition (SLA) respectively _ had been exist on almost every movement that had took place in the area of language teaching and learning (Lyster Ranta, 1997). In 1950s and 1960s behaviorists believed that errors can damage learning and should be corrected immediately. Recently, those working within the interactionist framework (e.g. Long, 1996) maintain that since CF enables learners to make connections between form and meaning in the context of communication, it is important for acquisition (Golshan Ramachandra, 2012, p. 120). The role of feedback is also evident in structural and communicative approaches in which à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ feedback is viewed as a means of fostering learner motivation and ensuring linguistic ac curacy (Ellis, 2009, p. 3). Owing to such attention given to error treatment, scholars were interested to know how they could respond learners errors which results in effective teaching of L2 and how they should behave in different contexts to have a long lasting effect on learners language. Review of related literature Making the nature of CF clear many studies had done and researchers investigated different questions aroused around this issue, for example Lyater and Ranta, in 1997, observed four French immersion classroom to find the different types of corrective feedback, their distribution in communicatively oriented classroom and the distribution of uptake following different types of corrective feedback. Four years later in 2001, Lyster reviewed the recordings again. This time he tried to find the answer to two other questions that were not discussed in Lyster and Ranta (1997): 1.what types of learners errors lead to what types of corrective feedback? 2. What types of corrective feedback lead to the immediate repair of what types of learner errors?(Lyster, 2001, p. 275) Samar and Shayestefar (2009), in Iran, analyzed their database made from observing two EFL classrooms to find how EFL teacher error treatment in terms of CFs vary across these classrooms and what type of CFs leads to learners u ptake and successful repair. Related to this issue Balighizadeh and Abdi (2010) mentioned that language learning and corrective feedback bound up together and make an appropriate language learning environment. They believed that the function of feedback is more apparent in EFL contexts which teacher is the only source for answering students questions and feedback giving. Corrective feedback Ellis (2009) wrote that corrective feedback takes the form of a response to a learner utterance containing a linguistic error (p. 3). This erroneous utterance could be delivered in the form of an oral production of L2 or a piece of writing that means teachers can give feedback to both writing and speaking of L2 learners. Bitchener (2008) points out to this issue that there may be prominent differences between SLA work in oral and written feedback in second language acquisition writing studies( as cited in Soori, Kafipour soury, 2011, p. 497). Therefore this paper only focuses on corrective feedback which is given to oral erroneous utterances. According to previous study done by Lyster and Ranta (1997) these utterances consist of nonnative-like uses of L2 which they classified them to phonological, lexical or grammatical errors and in some cases when more than one type of error occurred in a student turn (e.g. phonological+ lexical) this is called multiple (p. 45). The response can c onsist of (1) an indication that an error has been committed, (2) provision of the correct target language form, (3) Metalinguistic information about the nature of the error or (4) any combination of these (Soori, Kafipour Soury, 2011, p. 495). Six types of CFs first reported by Lyster and Ranta (1997), therefore, divided into two categories by Soori, Kafipour and Soury based on the way they treat learners errors. This kind of classification established on the basis of information-processing model à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ which describes skill acquisition as a gradual change in knowledge from declarative to procedural mental representations (Ding, n.d., p.88). Therefore giving the correct form helps learners to boost their declarative knowledge_ knowledge of a language system_ but giving metalinguistic information helps learners to increase control over their already internalized declarative knowledge which means to increase their procedural knowledge (Ding, n.d.). Types of corrective feedback Lyster and Ranta (1997) distinguished six different types of feedback in their study and Ding (n.d.) added English examples to these CF types Explicit correction refers to the explicit provision of the correct form. As the teacher provides the correct form, he or she clearly indicates that what the student had said was in correct. (e. g. Oh, you mean, you should say). (1) L (learner): and three pear (sounds like bear). T (teacher): not beer. Pear. Recasts involve the teachers reformulation of all or part of the students utterance minus the error. (2) T: when you were in school? L: yes. I stand in the first row. T: you stood in the first row? L: yes, in the first row, and sit, ah, sat the first row Clarification requests indicate to students that the utterance is ill-formed in some way and that a repetition or reformulation is required. This is a feedback type that can refer to problems in either comprehensibility or accuracy, or both. (3) L: why does he fly to Korea last year? T: Pardon? L: why did he fly to Korea last year? Metalinguistic feedback contain either comments, information, or questions related to how well-formed the students utterance is, without explicitly providing the correct form. (4) L: I went to the train station and pick up my aunt. T: Use past tense consistently. L: I went to the train station and picked up my aunt. Elicitation refers to techniques that teachers use to directly elicit the correct form from the student. Teachers can elicit completion of their own utterance by strategically pausing to allow students to fill in the blank, or use questions such as How we do X in English? to elicit correct forms, or directly ask students to formulate their utterance. (5) L: once upon a time, there lives a poor girl named Cinderella T: once upon a time, thereà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ L: there lived a girl. Repetition refers to a teachers repetition, in isolation, of a students erroneous utterance. In most cases, teachers adjust their intonation so as to highlight the error. (6) L: Mrs Jones travel a lot last year. T: Mrs Jones travel a lot last year? L: Mrs Jones traveled a lot last year. Two other strategies that are used in L2 classrooms are clarification request and paralinguistic signals (Ellis, 2009). Paralinguistic studies most of the time accompanied with recasts in order to make them more explicit for students. Uptake A construct closely related to provision of CF is uptake (Samar Shayestefar, 2009, p. 110). Lyster and Ranta(1997) introduced uptake as: Uptake in our model refers to a students utterance that immediately follows the teachers feedback and that constitutes a reaction in some way to the teachers intention to draw attention to some aspect of the students initial utterance (this overall intention is clear to the student although the teachers specific linguistic focus may not be). (p. 49) The data revealed that uptake of students could have two types, sometimes their errors repair completely and sometimes uptakes need repair and the students may produce the utterance with another type of error which it is the teacher that should give CF again. Classification of corrective feedback types Explicit feedback vs. implicit As it is written in Ding (n.d), a popular classification of CFs is to divide them according to their explicitness and implicitness. Yang asserted that In the case of implicit feedback, there is no overt indicator that an error has been committed, whereas in explicit feedback types there is (as cited in Ding, n.d., p. 86). Long (as cited in Ding, n.d.) asserted that recast is a form of implicit feedback and can be easily neglected, especially in a meaning-focused context. Balighizadeh and Abdi (2010) had mentioned that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ because they are not explicit, do not isolate the features of language form that are the focus of feedback, and do not interrupt_ even briefly_ the flow of meaningful interaction (p.59). Lyster (2001) had found a different result. He found that recast most of the time accompanied with another strategy such as repetition or paralinguistic signal or raising stress on the part that error occurred which make the recast less implicit. Other researchers which compared the effects of recasts and metalinguistic information on delayed performance of L2 learners proposed that interactional feedback in the form of metalinguistic informationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦might have been more effective than recasts because learners might be more likely to perceive it as overtly corrective (as cited in Balighizadeh Abdi, 2010, p.64). Ding (n.d.) stated that this dichotomous classification of feedback can be problematic (p. 86). Another classification which tried to prevent such vagueness and was the focus of Ding paper is dividing the CF strategies into recasts and prompts. Recasts vs. prompts Lyster (2001) introduced the term negotiation of form which he placed four Cf strategies (i.e. elicitation, metalinguistic clues, clarification requests, and repetition of error) under its rubric. All of these strategies lead to peer- or self-repair and therefore lead to a high rate of uptake. While recasts and explicit correction provide the correct answer and therefore they do not lead to peer- or self-repair. This distinction is clearly expressed by Lyster (2001): recasts and explicit correction are thus distinguishable from the negotiation of form in that the former supplies correct forms that learners may or may not repeat, whereas the latter provides signals to facilitate peer- and self-repair (p.274). Negotiation of form is called prompt according to Dings (n.d.) studies. Because recasts provide language learners with target-like reformulations and exemplars, they account for a significant part of language input in L2 classrooms, while prompts encourage learners to produce the ir own target-like output (p.87). Researchers findings Lyster and Ranta (1997) analysed their database in order to find the relationship between feedback type and learner uptake. According to them the most popular feedback technique used by teachers in their project was recast which turn out to be a technique that results the least uptake of any kind (i.e. repair and need-repair). Clarification request, metalinguistic feedback, and repetition are similar in eliciting uptake from students, and it should be mentioned that metalinguistic feedback was more successful than clarification request and repetition. The most successful technique for eliciting uptake is elicitation: All learner utterances following elicitation involve uptake with an almost even distribution between repair and need-repair (Lyster Ranta, 1997, p.54). From these results it can be concluded that the techniques that lead to peer- or self-correction should be used more in form-focused activities. The more students notice the feedback and the more they involve in processi ng the language items the more uptake results. In order to answer two questions proposed by Lyster (2001) that was mentioned in this paper, Lyster examined the relationship among error types, feedback type, and repair. He found that grammatical and phonological errors tended to invite recasts, whereas lexical errors tended to invite negotiation of form more often than recast (Lyster, 2001, p. 287), And the majority of phonological repairs were learner repetitions following recasts and the majority of grammatical and lexical repairs were peer- and self-repairs following negotiation of form (Lyster, 2001, p. 288). Lyster stated that although the majority of the feedback following grammatical errors involved recasts, the majority of grammatical repairs followed the negotiation of form. Conversely, lexical and phonological repairs resulted, for the most part, from the different feedback types that these error types tended to invite. (Lyster, 2001, p. 285) Samar and Shayestefars (2009) finding was in accordance with Lyster. According to them the recast the most employed feedback (i.e. recast), is the most likely to lead no uptake. Metalinguistic and explicit corrections are the most successful types of feedback leading to successful uptakeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ with metalinguistic more successful at eliciting repair (Samar Shayestefar, 2009, p.125 conclusion Although the findings of different researchers are the same, but it cannot be said that these results are conclusive (Tedick, 1998). Tedick (1998) offered four suggestions for teachers based on the experiences of her colleague_ Ms. De Gortari. According to her an English language teacher shoul (1) consider the context, (2) become aware of his current practices, (3) practice a variety of feedback techniques, and (4) focus on the learner _ it is important to let the learner self-correct. Therefore it is important for teachers to become aware of different techniques of Cf and use the findings of researchers in order to gain the best result from their action. If they are working on form, negotiation of form is preferred and suggested, if they are working on fluency and meaning it is better to correct them unobtrusively.

History Ia 2013

A. Plan of the investigation The focus of the study is on the event of the Tiananmen Square Massacre and how the Chinese Communist Party government shocked the world. Moreover, the study focuses on the aftermaths and the international effects like how the United States decided how to deal with this violent act or how this event possibly encouraged protestors to fight against their corrupt government. This research paper will evaluate the extent of how international countries were affected by this event.Ranging from countries such as Germany to the United States, this investigation will encompass the mass effects and influences on other countries. Several of the sources used in the essay, include The Price of Heavenly Peace: Tiananmen Square 15 Years Later by Michael J. Thompson and a news article Where Capitalism Won, But Not Democracy interview of Robyn Meredyth about the Tiananmen Square Massacre. These sources will be identified for their origins, values, limitations, and credibil ity. B. Summary of Evidence On a night in June of 1989, the unthinkable happened.Otherwise known as the June Fourth Incident, the Tiananmen Square Massacre was the bloody result of seven weeks of continuous rebellion of Communist Party of China’s policies. â€Å"Perhaps thousands of people were killed in cold blood when the troops fired into crowds and army tanks ran over people† (Wong 2). Ranging from university students to faculty workers to intellectuals, this protest was executed mainly to promote freedom of speech and press, economic growth, help in education funds, and most importantly, a change towards democracy. After the tragic incident, societies began to question China’s motives and actions.The fight for democracy created great tensions between the people and the government. â€Å"†¦20 years later, China’s Communist Party remains solidly in power. It still suppresses dissent. In China, capitalism is championed, but democracy is still verb oten† (Meredith 2). Essentially this source discussed how even though the fight for democracy was lost by the people; China gained a severe change in the capitalistic features. For example, China’s Five-Year Plan was introduced before the Tiananmen Square incident, but the effect of the incident caused this plan to move towards a more industrialized turn.Eventually, China became known more for their capitalistic features than their infamous communist cover. The world-known Tank Man is said to have been one of the most influential figure of his time. â€Å"It all started with a man in a white shirt who walked into the street and raised his right hand no higher than a New Yorker hailing a taxi†¦Ã¢â‚¬  quoted James Barron, a writer for The New York Times (This newspaper article was published the day after the incident June 5, 1989). The descriptions of the tank man possibly lead to many historical events in the future.This demonstrated how if one lone individual has the courage to stand up against such a powerful government, why couldn’t a group do the same with their corrupt government in their countries? Over to the West of Asia, East and West Germany were suffering similar problems in that the two want to, once again, become one country. Shortly afterwards, the demolishing of the Berlin Wall began after protest which was deducted by the Tank Man’s courageous actions. Nearby locations such as Macau and Hong Kong have hundreds of thousands of protesters which disfavored the actions of the Communist Chinese Government.In Hong Kong, over 200,000 citizens protested in support of the brutal massacre. Because Hong Kong was still under British rule in 1989, they were afraid to be under Communist China’s rule, they were still scarred with fear in case of reunification with China. As a result of the terror, many Hong Kong citizens fled to other countries in hope to escape the confusion (On a side note, though Hong Kong is geograp hically in China, under British rule, the city is democratic). Though the international political effects of the massacre were definitely prominent amongst the countries, we must not forget the economic results of this event.Contrastingly, where democracy isn’t as prominent as in the United States, the Chinese weren’t as avid in protesting as the Hong Kong citizens were, but they viewed this incident as though it was a normal rebellion. In other words, the Chinese North Americans knew there would be a big turnout of events that will occur as a result of this protest. Other country’s views on China were significant to the economy in the foreign trading aspects because after this massacre, many of them feared that China would no longer be loyal to them. Major companies and corporations dislike doing business with suffering countries.At the time, China’s government and economy, have been slowly rising to become the leading nation, but due to this event, thei r growth was temporarily halted. Many worldwide companies were indecisive to whether or not they should help out their ally by encouraging trade once again which sparked China’s drive towards their capitalistic beginnings. After this event and ever since Google has been around, many citizens in China attempted to learn more about the Tiananmen Square Massacre, but to their disappointment, this searching capability is blocked â€Å"due to relevant laws, regulations and policies† (Thompson 8).Terms such â€Å"never forget† or â€Å"candle† have been censored in Chinese search engines in hope for the government to cover up their tracks. This action was very significant because although it helped China conceal information about the event so citizens wouldn’t dare question or further seek knowledge regarding the topic, other countries began hypothesizing the real reason behind China’s motives. C. Evaluation of sources Jan Wong is a Chinese-Canadi an who vacationed to Beijing. This interview was about a first-hand account of the witness of this event live from her balcony in a nearby hotel room.The vivid descriptions of her details make her account seem reliable enough to the point where an individual can distinguish her knowledge on this topic. Few people may question whether this is source is credible or not because she is part Chinese. Thompson carefully wrote his sources to depict the mysteries and after effects of China’s actions. Having visited the Tiananmen Square several times, Thompson writes in his research paper the great, vivid event that occurred that one night in 1989. He uses much data to support his claims between China and other foreign countries.Thompson sees the Tiananmen Square a burden to China’s progress in capitalistic development along with the rest of the world. China is known greatly for its censorship and how greatly they can cover up reasons that could probably allow other countries t o question their government. Gregory Clark, a former Australian diplomat who focuses on Chinese affairs, wrote an article in Japan Times stating that the Western culture was spreading a â€Å"myth† about the Tiananmen Square Massacre. This shows the extent of China’s power to censor what they feel should be heard and what should not.In order to protect the face of their government, even though there are eye-witness accounts of their wide-spread murder, the Chinese government had to take major precautions to ensure a sustainable relationship, economically and politically, with other international countries. D. Analysis In Jan Wong’s interview of her account in China during the Tiananmen Square Massacre, she mentions, â€Å"I wasn’t the only person watching; everybody on the street was watching† (Wong 3). Because Jan Wong was present during the time of the event, she witnessed the actions of the tank man.If any regular civilian were to see this event and be in complete awe of the actions of this courageous twenty year-old man, it reveals how there can be many more people in this world who might see the common man in a white T-shirt with plastic shopping bags. There are billions of people in this world and those who know about Tiananmen Square, and the millions that do, probably heard about the tank man. Though the tank man still remains anonymous after 23 years, this individual managed to influence the whole world not just on a social level, but also on an economic and political core.E. Conclusion This protest is considered one of the top 10 most influential protests along with the Boston Tea Party, Purple rain protests, and the Civil Rights March. The Tiananmen Square protest was originally meant to spread democracy in China and abandon communism. Through the years of peaceful protests, many lives were lost. After the Tiananmen Square incident though, countries from around the world were influenced by figures such as the Tank Man who had enough courage to step in front of the corrupted government in hope for it to change for the better.In addition to its efforts and outcomes, China’s capitalism is now becoming one of the leading nations in the world. The influence of Tank Man spread to East and West Germany which helped the taking down of the Berlin wall and once again uniting the two into one. F. Sources cited Conachy, James. â€Å"Ten Years since the Tiananmen Square Massacre. †Ã‚  World Socialist Web Site. N. p. , n. d. Web. 20 Nov. 2012. . This source was a political lesson for the knowledge of the working class.The website is rather significant to this Internal assessment because it discusses about parts of the aftermath, and more importantly its effect on capitalism. This particular source is a very straightforward and unbiased work. The majority of this website was dedicated solely on the history. Ranging from important political figures such as Deng Xiao Ping to Liu Bin Yan, this we bsite helped narrow down descriptions of many political movements. Meredith, Robyn. â€Å"Where Capitalism Won, But Not Democracy. †Ã‚  Forbes. Forbes Magazine, n. d. Web. 20 Nov. 2012. .This source focuses mainly on the detailed history of Tiananmen Massacre. The significance of this article to the essay is the background information and just the overall gist and feels of this head-turning movement. After the description of the event, Meredith then discusses the major impacts the massacre had on the fall of the Berlin Wall. Tiananmen massacre is not only large event hoping to draw attention from the Chinese government, but little do they know that this movement called for revolutions all over the world. Overall, the source was significant because of its focus on detail of the actual event.Thompson, Michael J. â€Å"The Price of Heavenly Peace: Tiananmen Square 15 Years Later. â€Å"Michael J. Thompson. N. p. , n. d. Web. 20 Nov. 2012. . Similar to the article with â€Å"1 0 years†, the 15 year goes into more detail and begins to discuss more about the outside influence of different countries such as Russia. Also, Thompsons describes the influences on different beliefs all around the world. The article also talks about China’s original need for change which was the want for democratic power, but instead, they ended up as a capitalist country.This article helps provide the necessary information for the building blocks of repetitive reform. Wong, Jan. â€Å"Interview: Jan Wong [Witness of the Tank Man]. †Ã‚  PBS. PBS, 11 Apr. 2006. Web. 14 Nov. 2012. The interview with Jan Wong adds a whole new perspective to my knowledge on this topic. Her account may by the closest account because she was witnessing the event as it went on. As a third generation Chinese-Canadian, Wong recounts vivid details of her being in her hotel room nearby watching this protest take place. She describes in detail the horrific scene and the ominous area. AFTERM ATH AND LEGACY OF TIANANMEN SQUARE. †Ã‚  Facts and Details. N. p. , n. d. Web. 20 Nov. 2012. . This website is dedicated to the more recent news even those from post-2000. A wide-variety of articles should be used because it allows the readers to see the events from different aspects of time periods. A perspective from the 1990s as opposed to the one in 2005. This article focuses mainly on the point of views from this time period. For example, now that we’ve evolved more from the time of the event, we see the massacre in a whole new way.

Increase In Natural Disasters Health And Social Care Essay

Extreme conditions temperatures and increase in natural catastrophes in recent old ages have eventually made the policy shapers think seriously about â€Å" Climate alteration and Natural catastrophes † . The austere reappraisal and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ‘s 4th ( revised ) assessment study in 2008[ A ]had clearly stated that addition in natural catastrophes due to climate alteration will hold inauspicious affects on societal and economic sectors. The study which had declared that clime alteration will do addition in natural catastrophes in approaching old ages, has lived up to its anticipation. Harmonizing to UNISDR from twelvemonth 2008-2011 natural catastrophes have been responsible for economic amendss deserving 730 Billion USD, have adversely affected 843 million people and killed about 598,000 people around the universe. There has been an addition of more than 50 % in the figure of inundations in the last decennary in comparing to the 1990s a nd likewise the happening of entire natural catastrophes has besides increased over the last decennary. [ Mistake: Reference beginning non found ] The addition in both the strength and frequence of inundations over the last decennary has raised concerns within development bureaus, authoritiess and regional co-operations ; natural catastrophe direction has gained precedence among all stakeholders. In 2005 U.N created â€Å" The Hyogo Framework for Action †[ B ]; a planetary design for catastrophe hazard decrease attempts with a ten-year program, the model was adopted in January 2005 by 168 authoritiess at the U.N World Conference on Disaster Reduction. [ 2 ] Although all 168 states did accept the model in rule, nevertheless there has been small done to cut down nursery emanations or adapt catastrophe hazard decrease schemes across the board. Similarly in response to the December 2004 tsunami and the temblor of December 2005 in South Asia, a Particular Session of the SAARC Environment Ministers ( Male , 25 June 2005 ) adopted the Male Declaration on a corporate response to big scale natural catastrophes. A SAARC Disaster M anagement Centre ( SDMC ) was established in New Delhi in October 2006, the SDMC was created to supply policy advice and facilitate capacity constructing including strategic acquisition, research, preparation, system development, expertness publicity and exchange of information for effectual catastrophe hazard decrease and direction. [ 3 ] Policy devising has besides been activated at the province degree, for illustration the authorities of Queensland in Australia has taken enterprise on a province degree of making a policy model to cut down and undertake natural catastrophes. The model called the â€Å" Disaster Management Strategy Policy model † includes Research, Policy and Governance, Risk Assessment, Mitigation, Preparedness, Response, Relief and Recovery, Post-Disaster Assessment. [ 4 ] One might be of the sentiment that catastrophe events are probabilistic events and their happening can merely be calculated on a chance footing and there is no flight from their devastation. However it is of import to understand the effects of the happening and what can be done to assist the affected public overcome the catastrophe natural catastrophes cause. Research has shown despite the graduated table of the catastrophe, a combination of national and international policy can assist guard off disease and decease in states with functioning authoritiess. This literature reappraisal investigates old surveies conducted on the socio economic impact of inundations in context to Gender.The 2010 inundations in PakistanThe geological section of the Australian authorities defines inundations as â€Å" the covering of usually dry land by H2O that has escaped or been released from the normal confines of: any lake, or any river, brook or other natural watercourse, whether or non altered or mo dified ; or any reservoir, canal, or dike. † [ 4 ] Floods chiefly impact the human community either straight through contact with the H2O or indirectly through the harm the H2O does to the natural and human built environment. [ 5 ] â€Å" Localized inundations can hold a important impact on people ‘s physical and mental wellness. † [ 6 ] The 2010 monsoon inundations were one of the largest inundations in the history of Pakistan doing unprecedented harm and killing more than 1,700 people. The inundations affected over, 20 million people, inundated about one fifth of the state ‘s land and caused loss of one million millions of dollars through amendss to substructure, lodging, agribusiness and farm animal, and other household assets. [ 8 ] The World Bank and Asian Development Bank estimated that the implosion therapy had caused the economic system $ 9.7 billion in losingss. [ 9 ] Cases of malnutrition, stomach flu, diarrhoea, skin infections, cholera, enteric fever, malaria, and hepatitis were reported. Food monetary values dramatically increased after the implosion therapy, seting an economic strain on the full population. The southern state of Sindh was hit rather to a great extent by the inundations, it was reported that about Seven million people were affected by inundations in the state ; 1000s were trapped by inundation Waterss and had been in demand of aid. Our survey part the southern territory of Thatta was affected in a ruinous mode by the inundations, as the flow of the inundation Waterss touched 9,50,000 cusecs the lame butchs built to protect the territory ‘s public overflowed doing both Bankss of the Indus River to deluge doing tremendous sum of devastation. At the clip of deluging the province machinery which included both the provincial and federal authorities along with many international and national NGOs led the alleviation attempts and was able to avoid the happening of any larger calamity such as far dispersed hungriness or dearth. However in recent old ages uninterrupted Acts of the Apostless of terrorist act have kept the authorities preoccupied with affairs of public safety and security, this has diverted the authorities ‘s attending from institutional reform to affairs of ad-hoc nature. The presence of situational challenges has reduced province capacity to fruitfully supply basic services for which resources had already been lacking. This has limited authorities ‘s response to natural catastrophes largely to necessitate appraisal and immediate alleviation operations. The appraisals have typically focused on direct amendss of capital assets which includes figure of deceases and hurts, amendss to edifices and public substructure, loss of harvest and farm animal. Appraisals of catastrophe impacts on societal sectors such as wellness and instruction are besides limited to the measuring of amendss to school and infirmary edifices, the appraisals tend to disregard the long term affects on the wellness and instruction degrees of the affected public. Long term appraisals of societal sectors is critical even more so for a state similar Pakistan as it already struggles with low societal development indexs, ranking 145 out of 187[ C ]states in the Human Development Index and a Gender Development Index ( GDI ) ranking of 120 out of 146[ D ]states.Approachs to mensurate impact of natural catastrophesResearch workers across the universe have used diverse attacks to find the impact of inundations. In Pakistan the EU has antecedently employed the EMMA ( Emergency Market Mapping and Analysis ) , which is a rapid market analysis designed to be used in the short term wake of a sudden-onset crisis. A better apprehension of the most critical markets in an exig ency state of affairs enables determination shapers ( givers, NGOs, authorities, other human-centered histrions ) to see a broader scope of responses. The purpose of the attack is to estimate and understand the construction and operation of cardinal markets in the short term so that immediate recovery plans are in consistent to the on the land state of affairs. Although the research is utile in supplying immediate alleviation, nevertheless the attack does non take into consideration the long term effects of the catastrophe. [ 10 ] Similarly another attack which can assist givers aim their convalescence attempts is ECLAC, ECLAC ‘s methodological analysis is related to post catastrophe rating ; it focuses on rehabilitation and convalescence. It advocates utilizing a dynamic and sectoral position that enables the research workers to cipher future losingss derived by the devastation of productive constructions and forfeitures of concern chances and its middle/long term effects in different footings. The methodological analysis aims to enable its users to seek to specify if and which type of international cooperation the community affected demands. Although precise cognition of assorted sectoral amendss and losingss, present and future, suffered by the communities enables the catastrophe alleviation bureaus to put to death more specific rehabilitation undertakings, nevertheless use of a macro-perspective to estimate the amendss and provides losingss in pecuniary footings leaves out the impact on societal sect ors and chiefly focal points on economic costs. [ 11 ] In a Flood-site undertaking study on the Mulde River in Germany the research workers have taken the underside up perspective to analyse societal exposure posed by inundations. The methodological analysis seeks to categorise the fortunes that make an person or a community vulnerable and look into how some groups in these fortunes might be more vulnerable than others. The research workers who define societal exposure as â€Å" the features of a individual or group in footings of their capacity to expect, header with, resist, and recover from the impact of a natural jeopardy † chiefly concentrate on how communities and societal groups are able to cover with the impacts of a natural jeopardy. The attack provides valuable penetration into the kineticss of societal capital, but lacks item of sectoral appraisals. [ 12 ] Along with good targeted plans it is of import that recovery plans are sustainable. In Sudan, AIACC has employed a research method based upon the sustainable support conceptual model ; the research method aims to measure the public presentation of sustainable support and environmental direction steps. International Institute for Sustainable Development defines sustainable supports as being â€Å" concerned with people ‘s capacities to bring forth and keep their agencies of life, heighten their wellbeing, and that of future coevalss. Sustainable support appraisal is intended to bring forth an apprehension of the function and impact of a undertaking on heightening and procuring local people ‘s supports. It chiefly relies on a scope of informations aggregation methods, a combination of qualitative and quantitative informations indexs and, to changing grades, application of a sustainable supports model. The theoretical account focuses on five types of capital viz. ; natural, physical homo, societal and fiscal. The model employs the Livelihood Assessment Tracking ( LAST ) System to mensurate alterations in header and adaptative capacity. Quantitative and qualitative indexs are combined with the LAST system for its usage ; the LAST system is developed through creative activity of development indexs by the aid of the local community. [ 13 ] All the above mentioned models, even with their short-comings provide valuable inputs into the assessment methods of catastrophe impacts. However, the above discussed models which focus on immediate demands appraisal, macro-economic impacts, societal capital, and sustainable supports do non look to be gender sensitive and lack concentration on societal sectors in a gender sensitive mode. It has been clip and once more noted that adult females are most adversely affected by natural catastrophes. Sara-Bradshaw in her paper socio-economic impacts of natural catastrophes advocates the usage of a gender attack ; the paper states that the first measure to guaranting that the specific basic demands of adult females are addressed over the short and long term is to roll up informations broken by sex and age sections instantly after the happening of a catastrophe. This is of import because interrupting up of informations aids recognize the affects of the inundation on adult females in peculiar and aids in foregrounding the specific demands of the gender. For illustration in many instances in a Muslim state adult females might choose non to see a male physician, therefore if the research workers have the figure of adult females who need medical attending they can set up female physicians consequently. [ 14 ]Gender Aspects of Natural Disasters InternationalEnarson et al 1998, Fordham 1998, Morrow 1999 and Tapsell et al 2000 are of the position that inundations and other catastrophes can impact upon work forces and adult females in different and distinguishable ways. Similarly â€Å" It is believed that work forces and adult females will be faced with different exposures to climate alteration impacts due to bing inequalities such as, their function and place in society, entree to resources and power dealingss that may impact the ability to react to the effects of clime alteration † ( WEDO 2007 ; Commission on the Status of Women 2008 ; Carvajal et Al 2008 ; Bridge, 2 008 ) . [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] It is a basic fact that bulk of the adult females in developing states and peculiarly in the South Asiatic part are at a disadvantage when compared to their male opposite numbers. International Literature such as Tapsell et al 2003 illustrates that adult females suffer markedly more than work forces at the worst clip of deluging. Research has shown that due to socially constructed functions and duties, adult females seem to bear the most loads ensuing from clime variableness impacts. Due to the traditional gender functions in many developing states, it is seen that adult females are in charge of the house and responsible for family demands such as cookery, rinsing, hygiene, kids and raising little farm animal. Children, in peculiar misss portion these duties. In Africa, adult females do 90 % of the work of roll uping H2O and wood, for the family and nutrient readying. It is noted that adult females have to work excess work loads when faced with natural calamities as they try to pull off their mundane undertakings during an exigency state of affairs. [ 20 ] [ 21 ] Qualitative research suggests that this is because adult females have the chief duty for, and like ly, a greater emotional investing in the place than work forces. They besides normally have the cardinal duty for the attention of kids and the aged in the place, for illustration even in a station inundation state of affairs it is the cardinal duty of the adult female for acquiring the place back to normal after the inundation. [ 22 ] In many developing states and particularly in the south Asiatic part, nutrient hierarchies favor male nutritionary demands and frequently adult females nutrition and wellness demands are ignored. In Bangladesh it has been reported that â€Å" Give the already unstable nutritionary province of big Numberss of misss and adult females in BangladeshaˆÂ ¦any farther addition in favoritism would hold serious effects. † In hapless families, throughout the universe, adult females go without nutrient for the benefit of their kids or male household members. [ 30 ] [ 31 ] Furthermore an ADB study in 2001 found that in Bangladesh of the 20-30 % female headed families, 95 % are populating below poorness line. Even in developed states such as the U.K, lone parent and individual pensionary households-the bulk of which are female headed are most likely to be populating in poorness. It is noted that in some cases force per unit area on households has been so terrible that there have been studies of kids being offered for domestic employment, and of female kids being sold. The grounds informs us that adult females headed families already tend to hold limited economic resources and therefore a natural catastrophe can hold a greater impact on their supports in comparing to others. Other than the over-all poorness rates, wellness and instruction are two sectors where adult females in the part still lag behind work forces. The hapless nutritionary position of adult females makes them more susceptible to disease infection, peculiarly in developing states where there is small societal proviso and limited or no entree to proper medical attention. Poor nutrition besides makes adult females more vulnerable to catastrophes, and makes the physically strenuous undertakings of H2O and fuel aggregation more hard. Research in India has found that misss ‘ nutrition suffers most during periods of low ingestion and lifting nutrient monetary values, which is common during catastrophe state of affairss [ 36 ] [ 37 ] . Fewtrell and Kay ( 2006 ) provide grounds of inundations doing Bacterial, fungal, respiratory disease, and GI infection along with otalgia and skin roseolas among others. It is widely acknowledged in wellness research that some groups, such as adult females ( particularly pregnant adult females ) , the immature, the aged and immune compromised people are more vulnerable to wellness impacts ( particularly infection ) than other people ( e.g. Flynn and Nelson, 1998 ; White et al. , 2002 ; WHO 2004 ) . [ 28 ] Furthermore inundations can besides hold an impact on the mental wellness of the affectees. It has been suggested that adult females may endure more mental strain in certain state of affairss, due to cultural norms. Womans in hapless wellness prior to the inundation are more likely to see the implosion therapy as traumatic. When whole households move to urban slums or alleviation cantonments the adult females face challenges accommodating to the new environment. Problems include to rment, deficiency of security, undependable H2O supplies which increases their work load, and gender insensitive conditions such as deficiency of privateness besides have a tolling consequence. Long journeys to the alleviation cantonments can do both physical and mental emphasiss when coupled with experiences of sexual torment on these journeys. Women ‘s ‘ dramatically expanded attention giving functions following a catastrophe, and seting household demands before their ain, may explicate overall diminution in emotional well being. [ 29 ]Gender Aspects of Natural Disasters PakistanThe international literature on adult females in relation to climate alteration clearly highlights the terrible exposure and inauspicious exposure natural catastrophes pose to adult females in peculiar. Similarly research surveies have been conducted by different development organisations to estimate the impact of the terrible inundations that hit Pakistan late. The research consequences are in line with international research literature. As Pakistani adult females peculiarly tend to chiefly hold generative and domestic functions in the families and are hardly seeable in the public domains, peculiarly in rural countries, these features make manner for a greater impact on their socio-economic conditions from natural catastrophes. The bing state of affairs of adult females in Pakistan can non be to the full valued without an apprehension of the ways in which faith, civilization and traditions have organized societal dealingss and fractured society along category, racial, cultural and gender lines. Pakistan hence, presents a typical state of affairs from a socio-economic position. In Pakistan Men and male childs are given more weightage over the household resources in comparing to adult females and misss. A study conducted by OCHA as a Needs Assessment survey on the 2011 inundations in Sindh found that 37 % of families had reduced or skipped nutrient consumption ; pattern ad opted by adult females and misss in the family to run into the ration demands, which is similar to findings mentioned earlier from Bangladesh. [ 32 ] Nazish brohi et Al have analyzed emerging tendencies and informations, trusting chiefly on the Gender Needs Assessment ( GNA ) , the Multiaˆ?cluster Rapid Assessment Mechanism ( McRAM ) , instance surveies and emerging secondary information. Their survey includes instance surveies based on the assorted experiences of adult females to inundations. The adult females respondents in the survey have insisted that they had no anterior information about the inundations and many were taken back by surprise. The surprisingness of the inundations magnified its impact and besides increased the exposure of the inundation victims. The survey present penetrations into the experiences of adult females through instance surveies, for illustration â€Å" in Mianwali, a 30 twelvemonth old adult female, Jawwahi, rushed out with her household in waist high H2O and saw her house crumble before her ; in Charsadda, adult females awoke to calls and found H2O hotfooting into their houses † . Simila rly the survey besides illustrates how adult females hygiene had been affected due to inundations. For illustration in Kalabagh territory, â€Å" Baghat Bibi, a 60 twelvemonth old adult female with her three girls and three girls in jurisprudence visited the river every few yearss and submerged themselves ‘ in the H2O to clean themselves and their apparels, and so dry themselves while have oning the same apparels – it is reported that the they had been making it for over three hebdomads † . As adult females in rural countries are non used to traveling approximately in public infinites other than their small towns ‘ ; misss and adult females are frequently embarrassed to be seen accessing toilets and therefore do so during twilight or early forenoon. Such overpowering fortunes coupled with instances of torment can hold profound impacts on mental wellness. [ 35 ] The Preliminary Gender Needs Assessment study by UNIFEM[ E ]studies that the adult females were under terrible emphasis as the desolation caused by the inundations destroyed their limited assets, worsened their personal security state of affairs, and changed their duties as they were forced to react to exigency conditions. The study stresses upon the fact that even though adult females ‘s wellness is critical to the wellbeing of their households, after catastrophes, traditionally as health professionals, they tend to put their demands last. It besides affirms that in certain states, cultural norms such as ‘purdah ‘ bound adult females from being able to show their demands, to boot adult females besides tend to hold a opportunity of traveling unnoticed in the compensation procedure as their economic parts are normally unobserved. Similarly the adult females interviewed by IDMC in Sindh alleged that entree to income-earning chances has been their biggest challenge and a major concern for adult females caputs of family. The slow gait of recovery from the extended harm the inundations caused to the agricultural sector was expected to hold a major impact on adult females ‘s employment. Women besides lacked the certification to turn out their belongings rights. As a consequence, widows and adult females caputs of family interviewed by IDMC reported great trouble in claiming heritages, land and ownerships left at place when they fled. [ 23 ] A March 2011 study by the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs ( OCHA ) found that internally displaced adult females and misss across the state could non venture out to have exigency nutrient assistance without being threatened for go againsting solitude. [ 24 ] Women complained that most wellness services available in the wake of the inundations concentrated on primary wellness attention with small specialised focal point on generative wellness for adult females. [ 25 ] A 2010 appraisal by the UN Development Fund for Women ( UNIFEM ) quoted adult females as describing sexual torment in inundation supplanting cantonments where different folks, households and small towns were placed together. [ 26 ] Hence it is indispensable that research workers while measuring the effects of inundation take both long term and short term wellness impacts into history. It is of import for the research survey to depict the characteristic impacts of inundations on wellness results, depict the factors that influence human wellness as a consequence of inundations, depict the direct wellness impacts of inundations and develop a conceptual model to assistance in the direction and rating of inundation related wellness direction. The literacy rates of adult females in developing states are much lower than their male opposite numbers. A survey by UNICEF in the wake of the 2010 inundations showed that there are gender disparities in supply side factors in Sindh including handiness of schools for misss and male childs. Pre flood establishment interrupt up by gender, degree and sector shows that at the primary degree there are 60 % assorted schools in the populace sector and 42 % assorted schools at the in-between degree. At the primary degree parents are more comfy with directing their miss kid to blend school ; nevertheless there is reluctance when it comes to middle school when the miss attains pubescence, the dropout rates are besides highest at that point and bulk of the dropouts occur when misss move from primary to middle degree. Similarly the survey provides grounds of gender disparities bing in Thatta ; the survey demonstrates the tendencies in pre and station inundation state of affairss in primary regi stration. [ 38 ] Lack of entree to instruction is n't ever related to scarceness of schools nevertheless the inaccessibility of this supply side factor can play a major function in diminishing entree to education along with the inaccessibility of female instructors every bit good. Economic costs, societal traditions, and spiritual and cultural beliefs besides limit misss ‘ educational chances peculiarly when it comes to middle and high degree schooling. As these societal development indexs become worse due to the affects of clime alteration it is of import for the governments to non merely mensurate them but besides address them with sustainable development plans. Given that work forces and adult females in the survey country are destitute with dependence on agribusiness and natural resources for their supports, natural catastrophes pose a high hazard for them. As apparent by the literature reviewed exposure seems to be higher for adult females as they do non hold alternate agencies of employment and most of all employed adult females in the survey country are employed by the agribusiness sector. More and more research workers have concluded that it is of import to choose for a gendered analysis when researching on inundation impacts, Sarah Bradshaw in her survey Socio-economic impacts of natural catastrophes: a gender analysis states â€Å" The first measure towards guaranting that the specific basic demands of adult females are addressed over the short and long term is to roll up informations broken down by sex and age section instantly after a catastrophe. † The interrupting up of informations helps research workers understand adult females specific demands better, which in bend can assist policy shapers design and implement adult females specific schemes and plans. [ 27 ] Even though the grounds provided above from both international and local research literature clearly advocates the instance for greater exposure of adult females from natural catastrophes ; non much has been done to measure the station catastrophe impact of inundations on adult females. Research surveies have remained limited to rapid appraisals or demand appraisals, station catastrophe impact have non been concentrated upon. In order to plan long term sustainable gender sensitive recovery plans it is important to understand the station catastrophe impact of inundations on adult females, maintaining this in head the present survey â€Å" Social-Economic Impact of Flood in District Thatta: A Gendered Analysis † is a pioneering work in Pakistan in which SPDC ‘s research workers have gone a measure in front from other surveies and have tried to measure the station catastrophe impact of one of the worst inundations of the century. Furthermore, research has shown that despite obstructions faced by adult females, they are already developing effectual header schemes which include accommodating their agriculture patterns. Literature such as ( WEDO, 2003 ; Gurung et al. , 2006 ; Mitchell et al. , 2007 ) pointed out that adult females are really knowing and experient with respects to get bying with clime related impacts. They are cognizant of their demands and are really advanced in the face of alteration. Communities on the frontline in accommodating to the effects of natural catastrophes need but so far frequently lack, equal information about clime alteration and version schemes. Due to the adult females ‘s lower literacy degrees in many parts, and other barriers to accessing information, such as civilization, it is critical that adult females ‘s demands are addressed in attempts to supply necessary information. [ 43 ] Ariyabandu and Wickramasighe ( 2005:26 ) suggest that although adult females are frequently more vulnerable to catastrophes than work forces ( owing to conventional gender duties and dealingss ) nevertheless they are non merely incapacitated victims as frequently represented. Womans have valuable cognition and experience in get bying with catastrophes. Yet these strengths and capablenesss of adult females are frequently ignored in policy determinations and in extenuation, thereby, leting these valuable resources to travel to waste and sometimes making dependence state of affairss. Ignorance of gender differences in the yesteryear has led to insensitive and uneffective alleviation operations that have non been able to aim adult females ‘s demands and their possible to help in extenuation and alleviation work. [ 44 ] Hence this research is besides of import because non all is glooming, as international research has suggested that in developing states already sing negative effects of clime alteration, adult females have been identified as peculiarly adaptative and advanced, hence the current research survey shall play a valuable function in doing policy shapers better understand the long term issues of Pakistani adult females in peculiar and place their strengths and failings. Taking the above into consideration, SPDC has designed a gender sensitive research survey to find the impact of the 2010 inundation of Thatta. A gender sensitive primary study is critical in assisting place Gender spreads, therefore SPDC research workers created separate questionnaires for work forces and adult females. The survey helps understand the differences in the socio-economic impact of the inundation on adult females, work forces, misss and male childs. This includes garnering gender sensitive informations on the sectors of instruction, wellness, economic, flood header capableness and the overall impact of the inundation. In order to measure and measure the consequence of inundation on the family public assistance and behaviour, the survey collects single and household information from both male and female respondents individually, doing usage of gender sensitive attacks which in the yesteryear have been limited to demands appraisals or rapid assessment surveies.